Metodichka_writing
.pdf7. Conclusion expressing balanced considerations/opinion
indirectly |
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In conclusion, |
it can/must be said/claimed that … |
Indeed, |
it seems/appears that … |
On balance, |
it would seem that … |
All things considered, |
it is likely/unlikely/possible/foreseeable that … |
Taking everything |
into |
account/consideration, |
it is clear/obvious that … |
To conclude, |
there is no/little doubt that … |
To sum up, |
the best course of action would be to… |
To summarize, |
achieving a balance between … would be… |
In summary, |
it is true to say that … |
All in all, |
although it must be said that … |
Finally/Lastly, |
it may be concluded/said that … |
All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that … There is no absolute answer to the question of …
In the light of this evidence, it is clear/obvious that … In conclusion, it is plain/obvious from the points …
All in all, it is clear/apparent from the above evidence … To sum up, it is evident from the foregoing arguments …
8. Conclusion expressing opinion directly
In conclusion, |
it is in my opinion that … |
On balance, |
I (firmly) believe/feel/think that … |
All things considered, |
I am convinced that … |
Taking everything into account/consideration, I am inclined to believe that … To conclude, I (do not) agree that/with … To sum up (briefly),
All in all,
Taking everything into account, I therefore conclude/feel/believe (that) … For the above-mentioned reasons, I (firmly) believe that …
9. Expression for giving opinions
To my mind/To my way of thinking, …
It is my (firm) belief/opinion/view/conviction (that) … In my opinion/view …
My opinion is that … I (firmly) believe …
I (definitely) feel/think that … I am (not) convinced that …
I am inclined to believe that …
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I (do not) agree that/with …
It seems/appears to me …
It strikes me that …
As far as I am concerned, …
10. To introduce examples
For example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially This is (clearly) illustrated/shown by the fact that …
One /A clear/striking/typical example of (this) … The fact that … shows/illustrates that …
11. To emphasize a point
Clearly, obviously, it is obvious, naturally, needless to say, indeed
12. To express reality
In fact, the fact (of the matter) is, in practice, it is a fact that, in effect
13. To make general statements
As a (general) rule |
on the whole |
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Generally |
by and large |
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In general |
in most cases |
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14. To express intention |
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to, so as to |
so that |
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in order to |
with the intention of (+ –ing) |
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15. To make partially correct statements |
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To a certain extent/degree |
To a limited extent |
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To some extent/degree |
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There is some truth in (this) |
In a way/sense |
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In some cases, |
This is partly true (but) |
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Up to a point |
16.To explain/clarify a point
In other words That is to say
This/which means that
17.To add more points to the same topic
In addition (to this), |
as well as, too |
Furthermore, |
not to mention (the fact) that |
Moreover, |
also |
Besides, |
not only … but also/as well |
Apart from |
both … and |
What is more |
there is another side to the issue/question/argument of |
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18. To make contrasting points
On the other hand, it may be said/argued/claimed that … However, others oppose this viewpoint
Nevertheless, many people (strongly) disagree/claim/feel/believe this argument is incorrect
Opponents of … argue/believe/claim that …
The fact that … contradicts the belief/idea that … While it is true to say that …, in fact … While/Although …, it cannot be denied that …
19. To list advantages
One/Another/A further/An additional (major) advantage of … is … The main/greatest/first advantage of … is …
20. To list disadvantages
One/Another/A further/An additional (major) disadvantage/ drawback of … The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage/drawback of … Another negative aspect of …
21. To introduce for or against points/arguments
One (very convincing) point/argument in favour of … / against … A further common criticism of … / It could be argued that …
It is often claimed/suggested/widely argued/maintained/generally felt/believed/held that …
Some people claim/suggest/argue/feel that …
Many people maintain/believe/point out/agree/hold that … Most experts advocate (+ ing/noun)/support the view that … Many scientists oppose the view that …
Most critics are in favour of/against/opposed to/convinced that …
22. To introduce problems and solutions
In order to solve these problems, … In order to overcome these problems, …
To meet this need, … |
One solution is … |
One answer is … |
One thing we can do is … |
A second/third/final answer is … |
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23. To introduce impersonal verb phrases |
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It appears to/that |
Some of the evidence shows that |
It would appear to/that |
Some writers say that |
It seems to/that |
It has been suggested that |
It would seem to/that |
It is generally agreed that |
It tends to be |
It is widely accepted that |
There is a tendency to/for |
It is now generally recognized that |
It is said/assumed/believed/estimated/indicated that It is (very doubtful) if
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24. To describe graphs and charts
The graph/bar chart provides/shows/indicates information about … The diagram shows/illustrates …
There are … basic trends: …/As regards the first trend, …
It can be seen from …/It is clear/noticeable/evident from the data that ...
The number of … in 2011 was nearly double the number of …
The percentage of … increased slightly in the ten year period from 2000–2010. The amount of …/The majority of … /A minority of …
There was a sharp rise/decline in the amount spent on … in 2012.
25. To describe changes |
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Movement |
rise, increase, go up, double |
an impressive growth |
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upwards |
grow, pick |
up, improve |
a sharp climb |
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exceed, climb, skyrocket, soar |
a slow increase |
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rocket up, boom, boost, leap |
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Movement |
decrease, fall, decline, weaken |
a steady fall |
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downwards |
plummet down |
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a significant drop |
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go down, drop, slump |
a steep fall |
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plunge, edge down, tumble |
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More than reach a peak, fluctuate, dip |
a wild fluctuation |
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one |
level off/out, recover, overtake |
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movement |
bottom out |
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No movement hold/remain |
steady/constant |
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be/remain stable/unchanged |
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be consistent, stand, finish maintain the same level
Adjectives slight/minimal/small/steady/gradual/slow sharp/steep/rapid/quick/sudden/abrupt dramatic/marked/significant/substantial/considerable/marked huge/enormous/marginal /limited/moderate/constant
Nouns increase/rise (in)/growth/climb, boom decrease/decline/fall in/dip/drop/reduction/slump upward/downward (trend)/recovery, fluctuation
Adverbs slightly/steadily/gradually/moderately/minimally/slowly/ sharply/steeply/rapidly/swiftly/suddenly/significantly/ dramatically/considerably/hugely/enormously/substantially/ markedly/noticeably
Adverbs of exactly/precisely/almost/nearly/roughly/approximately accuracy
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26. To compare information
Not as … as, less … than, the least, better than
A bit, much, far, a great deal, a good deal, considerably, a little more, a lot, slightly, scarcely, by far the most
And, both, both … and, also, neither … nor, similar to, practically the same as, similarly
Totally different from, however, on the other hand, in/by contrast, by comparison
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APPENDIX IV
ACADEMIC WORD LIST
The Academic Word List (AWL) consists of 570 word families divided into 10 sublists that occur reasonably frequently over a wide range of academic texts concerning the Arts (including history, psychology, sociology), Commerce (including economics, marketing, management), Law and the Sciences (including biology, computer science, mathematics). The sublists are ordered such that the words in the first sublist are the most frequent words and those in the last sublist are the least frequent. Each sublist contains different parts of speech selected by the use of frequency. The list was developed and evaluated by Averil Coxhead (Coxhead, 2000).
Sublist 1
analyze • approach • area • assess • assume • authority • available • benefit • concept • consist • constitute • context • contract • create • data • define • derive • distribute • economy • environment • establish • estimate
•evident • export • factor • finance • formula • function • identify • income
•indicate • individual • interpret • involve • issue • labor • legal • legislate
•major • method • occur • percent • period • policy • principle • proceed • process • require • research • respond • role • section • sector • significant • similar • source • specific • structure • theory • vary
Sublist 2
achieve • acquire • administrate • affect • appropriate • aspect • assist • category • chapter • commission • community • complex • compute • conclude • conduct • consequent • construct • consume • credit • culture • design • distinct • element • equate • evaluate • feature • final • focus • impact • injure • institute • invest • item • journal • maintain • normal • obtain • participate • perceive • positive • potential • previous • primary • purchase • range • region • regulate • relevant • reside • resource • restrict • secure • seek • select • site • strategy • survey • text • tradition • transfer
Sublist 3
alternative • circumstance • comment • compensate • component • consent • considerable • constant • constrain • contribute • convene • coordinate • core • corporate • correspond • criteria • deduce • demonstrate
• document • dominate • emphasis • ensure • exclude • framework • fund • illustrate • immigrate • imply • initial • instance • interact • justify • layer •
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link • locate • maximize • minor • negate • outcome • partner • philosophy
•physical • proportion • publish • react • register • rely • remove • scheme
•sequence • sex • shift • specify • sufficient • task • technique • technology • valid • volume
Sublist 4
access • adequate • annual • apparent • approximate • attitude • attribute • civil • code • commit • communicate • concentrate • confer • contrast • cycle • debate • despite • dimension • domestic • emerge • error
• ethnic • goal • grant • hence • hypothesis • implement • implicate • impose • integrate • internal • investigate • job • label • mechanism • obvious • occupy • option • output • overall • parallel • parameter • phase • predict • principal • prior • professional • project • promote • regime • resolve • retain • series • statistic • status • stress • subsequent • sum • summary • undertake
Sublist 5
academy • adjust • alter • amend • aware • capacity • challenge • clause
•compound • conflict • consult • contact • decline • discrete • draft • enable • energy • enforce • entity • equivalent • evolve • expand • expose • external • facilitate • fundamental • generate • generation • image • liberal
•license • logic • margin • medical • mental • modify • monitor • network
•notion • objective • orient • perspective • precise • prime • psychology • pursue • ratio • reject • revenue • stable • style • substitute • sustain • symbol • target • transit • trend • version • welfare • whereas
Sublist 6
abstract • accurate • acknowledge • aggregate • allocate • assign • attach • author • bond • brief • capable • cite • cooperate • discriminate • display • diverse • domain • edit • enhance • estate • exceed • expert • explicit • federal • fee • flexible • furthermore • gender • ignorant • incentive • incidence • incorporate • index • inhibit • initiate • input • instruct • intelligence • interval
• lecture • migrate • minimum • ministry • motive • neutral • nevertheless • overseas • precede • presume • rational • recover • reveal • scope • subsidy • tape • trace • transform • transport • underlie • utilize
Sublist 7
adapt • adult • advocate • aid • channel • chemical • classic • comprehensive • comprise • confirm • contrary • convert • couple • decade • definite • deny • differentiate • dispose • dynamic • eliminate • empirical • equip • extract • file • finite • foundation • globe • grade • guarantee • hierarchy • identical • ideology • infer • innovate • insert • intervene • isolate
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• media • mode • paradigm • phenomenon • priority • prohibit • publication • quote • release • reverse • simulate • sole • somewhat • submit • successor • survive • thesis • topic • transmit • ultimate • unique • visible • voluntary
Sublist 8
abandon • accompany • accumulate • ambiguous • append • appreciate
•arbitrary • automate • bias • chart • clarify • commodity • complement • conform • contemporary • contradict • crucial • currency • denote • detect
•deviate • displace • drama • eventual • exhibit • exploit • fluctuate • guideline • highlight • implicit • induce • inevitable • infrastructure • inspect • intense • manipulate • minimize • nuclear • offset • paragraph • plus • practitioner • predominant • prospect • radical • random • reinforce • restore • revise • schedule • tense • terminate • theme • thereby • uniform • vehicle • via • virtual • visual • widespread
Sublist 9
accommodate • analogy • anticipate • assure • attain • behalf • bulk • cease • coherent • coincide • commence • compatible • concurrent • confine • controversy • converse • device • devote • diminish • distort • duration • erode • ethic • format • founded • inherent • insight • integral • intermediate • manual • mature • mediate • medium • military • minimal • mutual • norm • overlap • passive • portion • preliminary • protocol • qualitative • refine • relax • restrain • revolution • rigid • route • scenario • sphere • subordinate • supplement • suspend • team • temporary • trigger • unify • violate • vision
Sublist 10
adjacent • albeit • assemble • collapse • colleague • compile • conceive
• convince • depress • encounter • enormous • forthcoming • incline • integrity • intrinsic • invoke • levy • likewise • nonetheless • notwithstanding • odd • ongoing • panel • persist • pose • reluctance • so– called • straightforward • undergo • whereby
References
Coxhead, A. (2000). A new academic word list. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2): 213–238.
http://www.academicvocabularyexercises.com (free practice exercises for each sublist)
http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/resources/academicwordlist/information.aspx
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Учебное издание
Вардашкина Елена Васильевна Ермакова Полина Викторовна
INSIGHT INTO ACADEMIC WRITING
Учебное пособие
Редактор Тони Халл
Технический редактор И.Е. Оратовская
Компьютерная верстка З.М. Улановой
Подписано в печать 27.11.13 |
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Национальный исследовательский технологический университет «МИСиС», 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4
Издательский Дом МИСиС, 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4
Тел. (495) 638–45–22
Отпечатано в типографии Издательского Дома МИСиС 119049, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, 4
Тел. (499) 236–76–17, тел./факс (499) 236–76–35
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