Алексеенко Геохимические барьеры

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KHCJlble reOXHMH'IeCKHe 6apbePbI E npHpO,UHoro npOHC­ XO)K,l.(eHHJI 06pa3YIOTCs:! B Tex CJIYlJ.aJIX, KOrLl,a HeMTpaJIbHbie H meJIO'IHble YCJIOBHJI CKa'IK006pa3Ho MeHS:!IOTCJI Ha cJIa60­ KHCJIbie I1 KHCJIble, a TaIOKe npH pe3KoH CMeHe CJIa60KHC­ JIOM 06CTaHOBKM Ha CHJIbHOKHCJIyrO I1JII1 ,UIDKe npH pe3KoH CMeHe CHJIbHOmeJIO'IHbIX YCJIOBHH cJIa60meJIO'IHbIMH. ,ll.py­ rHMH CJIOBaMH, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITO KMCJIbIe reOXHMH'IeC­ KHe 6apbepbI B03HHKaIOT npH pe3KOM YMeHbIlleHHH 3Ha'Ie­

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52 FAa6a 5. llpupoa/lble 6apbepbl

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ITo MHeHHIO pMa HCCJIe)lOBaTeJIeH [29] reOX11MHqeCKHe 6apbepbI C rYMHHOBbIMH KHCJIOTaMH HrpMH 60JIblllYIO pOJIb B nepHO)l HaqaJIbHOH KOHll,eHTPall,HH 30JIOTa 11 TIJIaTH­ HOH)lOB B OCanOqHO-MeTaMop<pHqeCKHX ropHbIX nopO)lax. ITo )laHHbIM YKa3aHHbIX aBTopOB, 1 r ryMHHOBhIX KHCJIOT B

= 3-2,2) cop6HpyeTCH)l0 16 Mr Ru 11 340 Mr Hg.

BbICOKaH COp611,HOHHaH eMKOCTb ryMHHOBbIX KHCJJOT BO MHOroM 06'bHCHHeT nOHBJIeH11e COp6U110HHbIX 6apbepoB B nOqBaX H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 06'bHCHHeT nOHBJIeHHe B H11X aHOMaJIHH MeTaJIJIOB, He COOTBeTCTBYIOIll,HX HaJIHq11IO Mec­ TOpO)K)leHHH. TaK, HanpHMep, P.E. <I>YJITOH 6blJIO YCTaHOBJIe­ HO [73], qro ll,HHK, npHCYTCTBYIOIll,Hlt B ryMYce, HH B KaKOH

CTeneHH He oT06pa)KaeT HaJIHqHH PY)lbI Ha rJIy6HHe.

MOHTMOPHJIJIOH11TOM MeTaJIJIbI H3BJIeKaIOTCH H3 paCTBO­ POB B TaKOH nOCJIe)lOBaTeJIbHOCTH: Pb > Cu > Co > Ba > > Mg > Hg, KaOJIHHHTOM - Hg > Cu > Pb. 0 3HaqHMOCT11 npouecca COp6UHH MO)KHO CY)lHTb 11 no TOMY, QTO B Kao­

JI11HHTe (3a CqeT Cop611,HH 113 pa36aBJIeHHOrO paCTBopa CYJIb<paTa Me)lH) KOHueHTpalJ,HH MeTaJIJIa )lOCT11raIOT 0,8%.

ITPH 3TOM rJI11HbI B Ill,eJIOqHOH cpe)le COp6HPYIOT MeTaJIJIbI JIyqllle, qeM B KHCJIOH.

AHaJIH3 HBJIeHHH C0p6U11H n03BOJIHJI YCTaHOBHTb CJIe­

)lYIOlUee: npe11MYlUecTBeHHoe H3BJIeqeHHe HOHOB, HMeIOIll,HX 06Ill,YIO C cop6eHToM aTOMHYIO rpynnHpoBKY (npaB11JIO TIecKoBa-<I>aHHca); JIyqlllYIO cnoc06HoCTb COp6HpoBaTbcH nOJI11BaJIeHTHbIX HOHOB, a Cpe)lH HOHOB O)lHHaKOBbIX BaJIeH­ THOCTeH - Tex, qeH panHYC 60JIbllle. ITOCJIe)lHee n03BOJIMJIO paCnOJIO)KHTb HOHbI O)lHOH BaJIeHTHOCTH B PM, B KOTOPOM Ka)K)lbIH nOCJIe)lYIOIll,HH HOH cop6HPyeTcH ~e npe)lbIllY­ Ill,ero: Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > U; 1- > Be> Cl-.

ITpHBe)leM npHMepbI COp6U110HHbIX 6apbepoB.

1. HaH60JIee qaCTO BCTPeqaIOIll,HM11CH COp611,HOHHbIMH 6apbepaMH HBJIHIOTCH yqaCTKH, Ha KOTOPbIX BO)lHble paCTBO­ phI, KaK npaBMJIO, C KOHUempaUHeH HOHOB, )laJIeKO He )lOC­ THraIOIll,eH HaCbIIll,eHHH (B 3THX CJIyqaax He J1)leT OCaJK)leHHe HX co6cTBeHHbIX MHHepaJIOB), BCTpeqaIOTCH C np11pO)lHbIMH COp6eHTaMH. Cpe)lH nOCJIe)lHHX pe3KO npe06JIanaIOT rJIH-

HbI, ryMyCOBble BeIll,eCTBa 11 rl1)lpOKCl1)lbI H Mn.

PaCCMaTPHBaeMbIe 6apbepbI xapaKTepHbI )lJIH KpaeBbIX

30H 60JJOT (cop6eHTOM HBJIHeTCH rop<p), ryMYCOBbIX H rJIH­ H11CTbIX rop1130HTOB nOqB, KOP BbIBeTp11BaHHH. fYMYC H rJIHH11CTble qaCTHll,bI B OCHOBHOM onpe)leJIHIOT CO)lep)KaHHe B noqsax Cop611poBaHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. A OHO (cO)lep)KaHHe) qaCTO 6blBaeT qpe3BbIqaHHO BbICOKHM. TaK, B KaOJIHH11Te KOHUeHTPall,HH COp6HpoBaHHoH Me)lH MO)KeT )lOXO)lHTb )l0

0,8%.

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3. COp61{HOHHhIe 6aphephI TaKHX xe rpOMa,UHhIX pa3Me­ POB, KaK paCCMaTPHBaeMhIe Bhlille B OKeaHe, Ij)OPMHPYlOTC5I H B· aTMoclj)epe. MHoroqHCJIeHHble a3p030JIH npHpO,UHoro H TeXHOreHHoro npoHCXO)l{,lJ,eHH5I COp6HPYJOT MOJIeKYJIhI onpe­ ,UeJIeHHhIX ra30B. B pe3YJIhTaTe MHrpaIU15I 3THX ra30B cYlll,e­ CTBeHHO orpaHHqHBaeTC5I, TaK KaK OHa HaqHHaeT KOHTpO­ JIHpOBaThCJI nepeMelll,eHHeM COp6HP0BaBllIHX HX a3po30JIeH H BpeMeHeM Haxox,UeHHJI nOCJIe,UHHX B aTMoclj)epe. TaKHM 06pa30M H,UeT lj)opMHpoBaHHe nO,UBH){(Horo COp6U,HOHHoro 6aphepa ).I)l5I ll,eJIoro pJI,Ua ra30B.

B CBOIO Oqepe,Uh cop6HpoBaHHble MOJIeKYJIhI ra30B C03,lla­ lOT BOKPyr a3p030JIell cBoeo6pa3HYlO B03,UYllIHYJO aucop6­ ll,HOHHYro 060JIoqKY. 3To n03BOJIJIeT a3p030JI5IM (BKJIIOqa5I TOHKYIO nhIJIb) , aucop6HpOBaBllIHM ra3hI, HaXO,UHThCJI B B03,UyXe He 5 CYTOK, KaK 06hNHo, a,Uo 40 CYTOK [1]. YBeJIH­ qeHHe CpOKa HaXO)K,UeHHH B aTMoclj)epe nhJJlH cnocoocTBYeT YBeJIHqeHHJO ,UaJIhHOCTH ee nepeHoca OT MeCTa nOCTYITJIe­ HHH ,UO MeCTa KOH!(eHTPal{HH Ha MeXaHHqeCKHX 6aphepax.

B HTore MOryr nOHBHThCJI reOXHMHqeCKHe aHOMaJIHH (H B

nepByro Oqepe,Uh TexHoreHHhIe), OTopBaHHhle OT HCTOqHH­ KOB 3arpJI3HeHHH r7].

4. B aTMoclj)epe o,UHoBpeMeHHo C npOll,eCCaMH cop6­ ll,HH npOHCXO,U5IT CTaJIKHBaHHe H COe,UHHeHHe pa3HOHMeH­ HO 3ap5lXeHHhIX qaCTHll,. 3TH npOll,eCChI TaKJKe npHBO,U5IT K 06pa30BaHHJO B aTMoclj)epe cop611,HOHHhIX MaKpo6aphepOB. O,UHaKO B OTJIHqHe OT 6aphepOB, CBJI3aHHhlX C COp611,Hell ra30B, ,UaJIhHOCTb MHrpal{HH qaCTHll, B aTMoclj)epe B 3TOM CJIyqae He YBeJIHqHBaeTC5I, a pe3KO YMeHhllIaeTC5I, TaK KaK npOHCXO,UHT YKpynHeHHe qaCTHll, H yneJIHqeHHe HX MaCChI. PaCqeThI nOKa3hIBalOT, 'ITO CKOPOCTb OCa)K,UeHHH KOJIJIOH,U­ HhIX qaCTHll, B B03,Uyxe B 600 pa3 60JIhllIe, qeM B Bo,Ue. CJIe­ ,UOBaTeJIhHO, YKpynHeHHe a3p030JIeH npHBO,UHT K HX 60JIee

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3apM qaCTHll" nonaBllIHX B aTMoclj)epy, MoxeT 6hlTh H3HaqaJIhHhIM HJIH npHo6peTeHHhIM. 06hIqHO OCHOBHhIe BeU\eCTBa (CaO, ZnO, MgO H T.,U.) 3ap5lXeHbI OTpHll,aTeJlb­

5. H3yqeHHe nOCJIe,UcTBHH QepHo6hJJlhCKOll KaTaCTpo­ Ij)hI nOKa3aJIO [33], 'ITO 3HaqHTeJIhHhIe KOJIl1qeCTBa 226Ra Oca)K,UaIOTC5I Ha COp611,HOHHhIX npHpO,UHhIX 6aphepax rJIH­ HHCThIMH MHHepaJIaMH H OpraHHqeCKHM BelQeCTBOM. Ha COp611,HOHHhIX 6aphepax npH HaJIHqHH TaKHX cop6eHTOB, KaK rH'upoKCHJlhI XeJIe3a H MapraHll,a, MeT KOHI{eHTpall,H5I 137Cs H 90Sr. IlpH :;)TOM B HellTPaJIhHOll cpe,Ue npH COOTHO­ IIIeHHH Mn:Fe, paBHOM 0,5 KOJIHqeCTBO cop6HpoBaHHoro Sr, ,UOXO,UHT ,UO 30 Mr Ha 1 r cop6eHTa. 3To B 3-4 pa3a BhIllIe, qeM npH ,UpyrHX COOTHOllIeHHHX XeJIe3a H MapraHll,a

[41].

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IIpHMepbI repMO,IWHaMH'IeCKllX reoXHMH'lecKllX 6aPbePOB.

1. HaH60JIee HJIJIIOC'IpaTHBHbIM HBJIHeTCH 06pa30BaHHe

H3 paCTBopoB, npo,ll,BHraIOIUHxcH no 'IpeIUHHaM B roPHbIX nopo,ll,ax, 'IpaBepTHHa (Kap60HaT KaJIbUHH). IIpouecc npo­ HCXO.lUlT npH 6bIC'IpOM nMeHHH ,Il,aBJIeHHH, CBH3aHHOM C pacKpbITHeM TpeIUHH HJIH npH6JUDKeHHeM (BbIXO,ll,OM) Ha nOBepXHOCTb no)ueMHbIX rH,Il,pOKap60HaTHO-KaJIbUHeBbIx BO,ll,. PeaKUHH OCruK,UeHHH KaJIbUHTa MO)J(eT 6blTb npe,ll,CTaB­ J[eHa cJ[e,ll,YIOIUeH cxeMoH:

HaH6oJ[blIIYIO H3BeCTHOCTh nOJIyqHJIH 'IpaBePTHHhI, npeJI­ CTaBJIeHHbIe aparoHHTOM (CaC03), 06pa30BaBIIIHecH Ha rep­ MOJIHHaMH'leCKHX 6ap»epax KpynHeHIIIHx KYPOPTOB, CBH­ 3aHHbIX C MHHepaJIhHhIMH BOJIaMH (paHoHbI 3JIb6pyca H Ka36eKa, rOPbI fOpH'leH B IIHTHropcKe, KapJ[oBhIX Bap).

ECJIH <pOpMHpoBaHHe onHCbIBaeMhIX 6aphepoB npOHC­ XO,ll,HJIO B PYJIHhlX paHoHax, TO npO,ll,BHraIOIUHeCH paCTBOPbI 060raIUaJIHCh PYJIHbIMH 3J[eMeHTaMH, HBJIHIOIUHMHCH HH­ JIHKaTOpaMH opYJIeHeHHH B 3THX paHoHax. IIpH OTJ[O)J(e­ HHH Ha nOBepxHocTH 'IpaBepTHHa BMeCTe C HHM BhInMaJIH H3 paCTBopoB H COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHe MeTaJIJThI. TaK, B Ka3ax­ CTaHe 'IpaBePTHHbIKoKCY TeKeJ[HHcKoro nOJ[HMeTaJIJIH'leC­ KOro paHoHa o60raIUeHbI Pb H Zn. CoBpeMeHHoe OTJIO)J(eHHe . KaJIhUHTa 11 aparOHHTa Ha TepMOJIHHaMH'leCKOM 6aphepe XOPOlliO BHJIHO B paHoHe IIHTHropcKa.

2. OJIHHM H3 6aphepoB, BhI3hIBaIOIU11X OTJ[O)J(eHHe H3 nOJIBOJIHhIX rHJIpoTepM Pb, Zn, Si H Ca B KpaCHOM Mope, HBJ[HeTCH TepMO,ll,HHaMH'leCKHH. Ha HeM B pe3YJ[bTare na­ ,Il,eHHH JIaBJ[eHHH H OCThIBaHHH rHJIPOTepMaJIhHhIX paCTBO­ pOB rrpOHCXOJIHT pacnM KOMMeKCHhIX COe,ll,HHeHHH, rrpH­ BOJIHIUHH K OCruK,UeHHIO YKa3aHHbIX 3J[eMeHTOB.

Ha 6aphepax, rrOJIoGHbIX orrHcaHHOMY, HO pa3BHBaIO­ IUHXCH Ha cYIIIe, rrp011CXOJIHT OCruK,UeHHe H3 rHJIpOTepMaJIh­ HbIX paCTBOpOB ueJ[oro PMa MeTaJIJ[OB. ECJIH KOHueH'IpaUHH ,Il,OCTMraeT rrpOMhIlIIJIeHHOH BeJ[H'lHHbI, 06pa3yroTCH TaK Ha­ 3hIBaeMbIe HH3KOTeMrrepaTYpHhle (100-200°C) MeCTOpO)KJIe­ HHH rrOJ[e3HhlX HCKonaeMblX. ,l1.eTaJIhHOe H3yqeHHe ra30B

)KJ1,Il,KHX BKJIIOl.IeHHH B MHHepaJIax n03BOJ[HJIO CB. HaYMoBY C'lHTaTb, 'ITO B paCTBopax 6blJ[0 6oJ[bIIIoe CO,ll,ep)J(aHHe CO2,

B pe3YJ[bTaTe 6bICTPOro nMeHHH ,Il,aBJIeHHH CO,ll,ep)J(aHHe yrneKHCJIoro ra3a YMeHblIIaJIOCb, KOMMeKCbl pa3PYIIIaJIHCb, lIIJIO OTJ[O)J(eHHe KaJIbUHTa H PY,ll,HbIX MHHepaJIOB.

3. T.T. TaHcaeBbIM [64] K TepMO,IWHaMH'leCK11M 6ap»epaM OTHeceHliI HaJIe,ll,H, CBH3aHHbIe C pa3rpY3KoH TPeIUHHHO­ )J(J1J[bHbIX KapCTOBbIX H nOJIpYCJIOBbIX BOJI. TaKHe HaJIe,ll,H, C HaKOMeHHeM J[b,ll,a H Kap60HaTa KaJIbUHH, nOJ[yqHJI11 lIIH­ pOKoe pa3BHTHe BJIOJIb 30H pa3JJOMOB ropHbIX J[aHAlIIa<pToB CH6HpH.

5.2.MexaHlI'IeCKHe 6apbepw

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reHHhle COeJIHHeHHH, He HMeIOIUHe rrpHpO,ll,HhIX aHaJIoroB (6apbep

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H B OKeaHe (Te'leHHH, BOJIHOrrpHGoHHaH JIeHTeJ[hHOCTh). Ha rrpl1pO,ll,HhIX Gaphepax H,Il,eT ,Il,11<p<pepeHUl1auHH B 3aBI1­ CI1MOCTH OT MaCChI rrepeMeIUaeMhIX 06nOMKOJl. Ecnl1 )J(e paCCMaTpHBaTh OGJ[OMKI1 OJIHOrO pa3Mepa, TO ,Il,11<p<pepeH­ UHaUI1H GY,Il,eT rrpOI1CXOJII1Th B 3aBHCHMOCTI1 OT YJIenhHoro Beca. IIpH 3TOM GOJ[bIIIoe BJIHHHHe MOryT OKa3hIBaTb J[aH,ll,­ lIIa<pTHo-rem{HMH'leCKl1e ocoGeHHOCTI1 MeCTa pacrroJ[o)J(e­ HHH MeXaHH'leCKOrO Gaphepa.

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