5 Read the text again and complete the sentences (1-10):
The Natural Color System was… .
It is a color language system describing… .
There are six pure colors… .
Paints consist of … which include… .
The binder… .
Coloring materials are … .
Natural wood finishes include… .
Vanishes are … which… .
Most wood satin systems … which… .
Wood finishes are based on … .
Follow-up
6 A) Paraphrase the following words:
color specification, flexible floor finishes, sanitary fittings, normal vision, subdivided into, additives may be incorporated into, natural linseed oil, gradual oxidation on exposure of air, to ensure adequate fluidity, base material, coloring materials, natural wood finishes, exterior use, to cause, modified alkyd resins, composed of.
b) Explain the words in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you.
7 Give the English equivalents to the following and use 5 of them in small situations:
основной характерный признак; естественная система цвета; добавить и удалить; передаваемый словами; исключая необходимость визуального сопоставления; определенная функция; алкидная смола (полимер); окисляться на воздухе; застывать (густеть) при высыхании; увеличиться за счет наполнителей; смесь органических и неорганических красок и пигментов; вызывать (приводить к) полимеризацию; проникать в поверхность; контролировать гниение и плесень (грибок); в зависимости от конкретного применения; смесь пчелиного воска; смолы лиственницы и растительных масел.
8 Read and give a literate translation of the text and make 5 questions to it:
Polyurethane varnishes are typically hard, abrasion-resistant, and durable coatings. They are popular for hardwood floors but are considered to be difficult or unsuitable for finishing furniture or other detailed pieces. Compared to simple oil or shellac varnishes, polyurethane varnish forms a harder, decidedly tougher and more waterproof film. However, a thick film of ordinary polyurethane may de-laminate if subjected to heat or shock, fracturing the film and leaving white patches. This tendency increases with long exposure to sunlight or when it is applied over soft woods like pine. This is also in part due to polyurethane's lesser penetration into the wood.
Unlike drying oils and alkyds which cure, after evaporation of the solvent, upon reaction with oxygen from the air, true polyurethane coatings cure after evaporation of the solvent by a variety of reactions of chemicals within the original mix, or by reaction with moisture from the air.
Water exposure, humidity, temperature extremes, and other environmental factors affect all finishes. In other words, the only coat of varnish with near perfect durability is the one stored in a vacuum, in darkness, at a low and unvarying temperature. Otherwise, care and upkeep are required.
9 Use the words below to complete the sentences:
Wood finishing refers to the process of embellishing and/or protecting the surface of a wooden material. The process starts with 1) _____ preparation, either by sanding by hand, scraping, or planing. Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using wood putty or pores 2) _____. Often, the wood's colour is changed by staining, 3) _____, ammonia fuming and a number of other techniques. To avoid blotching, a barrier coat such as shellac or "wood conditioner" is 4) _____ before the stain. Gel stains are also used to avoid blotching.
Once the wood surface is prepared and stained, a number of 5) _____ of finish may be applied, often sanding between coats. Commonly used wood finishes include wax, shellac, 6) _____ (such as linseed oil or tungoil), lacquer, varnish, or paint. Other finishes called "oil finish" or "Danish oil" are actually thin 7) _____ with a relatively large amount of oil and solvent. Water-based finishes can cause what is called "raising the grain" where surface fuzz emerges and requires sanding down.
Finally the surface may be 8)_____or buffed using steel wool, pumice, rotten stone and other polishing or rubbing 9) _____ depending on the shine desired. Often, a final coat of wax can be applied over the finish to add a slight amount of protection.
Special tools used to apply wood 10) _____ include rags, rubbing pads, brushes, and spray guns.
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bleaching, finishes, coats, surface, drying oils, filler, polished, applied, varnishes, compounds |