POSOBIE_Bazovy_kurs

ПРОИЗНОШЕНИЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕННОГО АРТИКЛЯ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Обычно определенный артикль the произносится с коротким гласным: [ ðə ]. Но когда артикль the перед словом, начинающимся с гласного звука, то он обычно произносится с долгим длинным гласным: [ ði: ].

Например: the apple: [ ði: ], the orange: [ ði: ], the ice-cream: [ ði: ], the pen: [ ðə ], the table: [ ðə ], the room: [ ðə ]

Обратите внимание, что произношение артикля the зависит от звука, с которого начинается слово, а не от буквы!

Например: the house: [ ðə ] (h – согласный звук),

the hour: [ ði: ] (в данном случае h не читается)

Иногда необходимо сделать ударение на каком-либо слове, для этой цели артикль the произносится как [ ði: ] и на него приходится основное фразовое ударение, при этом не важно, начинается следующее за ним слово с гласного или согласного звука.

Например: «What do you think of the [ ðə ] book?» ― Что думаешь о книге?

«It’s the [ ði: ] best book I've ever read.» ― Это самая лучшая книга, которую я когда-либо читал.

ПРОИЗНОШЕНИЕ ОКОНЧАНИЯ –ED В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Форма прошедшего времени и причастия прошедшего времени всех правильных глаголов оканчивается на –ed, например: work – worked – worked.

Кроме того, многие прилагательные происходят от причастий прошедшего времени и поэтому тоже оканчиваются на –ed, например:

I like painted furniture. ― Мне нравится покрашенная мебель.

Сложность произношения окончания –ed заключается в том, что это окончание может произноситься тремя способами: [ id ], [ t ] или [ d ].

В таблице ниже описаны правила чтения окончания –ed.

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Обратите внимание, что произношение окончания –ed зависит от звука, предшествующего ему, а не от буквы!

Например, слово fax оканчивается на букву «x», но звук при этом ― [ s ], а слово like оканчивается на букву «e», но звук при этом ― [ k ].

Исключения

Как было указано выше, некоторые прилагательные происходят от причастий прошедшего времени, и тоже имеют окончание –ed. В таких случаях это окончание всегда читается как [ id ], даже если такая же форма глагола прошедшего времени или причастия прошедшего времени читается подругому.

Например: aged ['eɪʤɪd] ― пожилой, blessed ['blesɪd] ― благословенный, learned ['lɜːnɪd] ― учёный, wretched ['reʧɪd] ―жалкий.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Запишите транскрипцию следующих скороговорок, переведите их. Определите на формирование какого звука они направлены. Произнесите несколько раз в быстром темпе.

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LEVEL I

1.A big black bug bit the big black bear, but the big black bear bit the big black bug back!

2.How can a clam cram in a clean cream can?

3.Four furious friends fought for the phone.

4.Green glass globes glow greenly.

5.I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream!

6.There's a sandwich on the sand which was sent by a sane witch.

7.Knife and a fork, bottle and a cork, that is the way you spell New York.

8.I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop.

9.A big bug bit a little beetle, but the little beetle bit the big bug back.

10.A big dark dog dug and barked.

LEVEL II

1.Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?

2.When you write copy you have the right to copyright the copy you write.

3.Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear, Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair, Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn't very fuzzy, was he?

4.How many cookies could a good cook cook if a good cook could cook cookies?

A good cook could cook as much cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies.

5.How many cans can a cannibal nibble, if a cannibal can nibble cans? As many cans as a cannibal can nibble if a cannibal can nibble cans.

6.I have got a date at a quarter to eight;

I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late.

7.I thought, I thought of thinking of thanking you.

8.One-one was a race horse. Two-two was one too. One-one won one race. Two-two won one too.

9.Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.

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If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,

Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

10.Seven slick slimy snails, slowly sliding southward.

11.Chicken in the car and the car can go, that is the way you spell Chicago.

12.The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.

13.If two witches would watch two watches, which witch would watch which watch?

14.If you understand, say «understand».

If you don't understand, say «don't understand».

But if you understand and say «don't understand»,

How do I understand that you understand?

15.Whether the weather be fine, or whether the weather be not. Whether the weather be cold, or whether the weather be hot. We'll weather the weather whether we like it or not.

LEVEL III

1.Betty bought some butter,

But the butter Betty bought was bitter, So Betty bought some better butter,

And the better butter Betty bought was better Than the bitter butter Betty bought before!

2.I bought a bit of baking powder and baked a batch of biscuits.

I brought a big basket of biscuits back to the bakery and baked a basket of big biscuits.

Then I took the big basket of biscuits and the basket of big biscuits

And mixed the big biscuits with the basket of biscuits that was next to the big basket

And put a bunch of biscuits from the basket into a biscuit mixer

And brought the basket of biscuits and the box of mixed biscuits and the biscuit mixer to the bakery and opened a tin of sardines.

3.When a doctor doctors a doctor,

Does the doctor doing the doctoring doctor

As the doctor being doctored wants to be doctored

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Or does the doctor doing the doctoring doctor

As he wants to doctor?

4.Mary Mac's mother's making Mary Mac marry me. My mother's making me marry Mary Mac.

Will I always be so Merry when Mary's taking care of me? Will I always be so merry when I marry Mary Mac?

5.Out in the pasture the nature watcher watches the catcher. While the catcher watches the pitcher who pitches the balls.

Whether the temperature's up or whether the temperature's down, The nature watcher, the catcher and the pitcher are always around. The pitcher pitches, the catcher catches and the watcher watches. So whether the temperature's rises or whether the temperature falls The nature watcher just watches the catcher

Who’s watching the pitcher who's watching the balls.

6.I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish,

But if you wish the wish the witch wishes,

I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.

7.A tutor who tooted the flute Tried to tutor two tooters to toot. Said the two to the tutor:

«Is it harder to toot or

To tutor two tooters to toot?»

8.Oh, the sadness of her sadness when she’s sad! Oh, the gladness of her gladness when she’s glad!

But the sadness of her sadness, and the gladness of her gladness,

Are nothing like her madness when she’s mad.

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БАЗОВЫЙ

КУРС

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UNIT 1

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

PART A

ENGLISH IN THE WORLD

At the present time foreign languages are socially demanded and needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet. The question of learning foreign languages is very important today.

English is just one of 3,000 languages in the world. One billion people speak English. That’s 20 per cent of the world population. It’s also one of the leading languages in the world. About 400 million people speak English as their first language. About the same number use it as the second language. It is the language of aviation, international sport and pop music.

English is the official language in 44 countries, where it is used in education and administration. It is spoken as the mother tongue in Great Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A lot of people speak English in China, Japan, India and Africa. In many countries it is the language of business, commerce and technology. English is the language of modern computing. It is one of 6 official languages of the United Nations Organization.

Nearly 50 per cent of all the companies in Europe communicate with each other in English. 75 per cent of the world’s mail is in English, too. Standard English is not completely uniform. There are differences between the national standards in Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia.

Russia is integrating into the world community now and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is very urgent today. English is especially popular in international business of Russia. It is studied at schools, colleges and universities.

1.1.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты указанных слов и словосочетаний.

A.В настоящее время, иностранный язык, основное средство, обмен информацией, говорить по-английски, такой же, родной язык, однородный, общаться, почта, мировое сообщество, цель, чрезвычайно важный.

B.dɪˈmɑːndɪd; ˈfɒrɪn læŋgwɪʤɪz; ˈsəʊʃəli; ɪˈfɪʃənt; ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ; ˈliːdɪŋ; ˌeɪvɪˈeɪʃ(ə)n; ˈmʌðə tʌŋ; njuː ziːlənd; ˈʧaɪnə; ʤəˈpæn; ˈɪndɪə; ˈæfrɪkə; ˈbɪznɪs; ˈkɒmə(ː)s; tɛkˈnɒləʤi; kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ; ˈnɪəli; ˈstændəd; kəmˈpliːtli; ˈɪntɪgreɪtɪŋ; ˈpɜːpəs; ˈɜːʤənt; ɪsˈpɛʃəli.

1.2.Сопоставьте слова и их дефиниции.

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1.3.Отработайте произношение следующих числительных.

―количественных числительных: 6; 8; 11; 13; 16; 18; 31; 44; 105;

3,000; 28,306; 400 million; 20 per cent [pə'sent]; 23 per cent; 50 per cent; 59 per cent; 64 per cent; 75 per cent; 97 per cent; 100 per cent;

―порядковых числительных: 3; 13; 23; 41; 62; 94 111; 335; 2,076; 302,870; 640 million;

―числительных, обозначающих даты: 01.01.2014; 07.01.2003; 14.02.1990; 23.02.1918; 08.03.2001; 05.04.1242; 12.04.1961; 09.05.1945; 01.06.1977; 21.06.1941; 04.07.1776; 08.07.1709; 15.07.1240; 22.08.94; 08.09.1812; 17.09.1943; 21.09.1380; 05.10.1994; 04.11.1612; 18.11.2000; 12.12.1993; 25.12.1985;

―числительных, обозначающих время: 7.00 a.m.; 8.30 a.m.; 10.10 a.m.;

12.00a.m.; 1.55 p.m.; 3.45 p.m.; 6.15 p.m.; 8.20 p.m.; 9.05 p.m.; 11.50 p.m.

a.m. = ante meridiem [ˌæntɪmə'rɪdɪəm] (лат.) ― до полудня, в утренние часы p.m. = post meridiem ['pəʊst mə'rɪdɪəm] (лат.) ― после полудня, пополудни

1.4.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.

A. New Zealand has two … languages: English and Maori. English is the … that you usually … spoken. The Maori …, long on the decline, is now making a comeback. You can use English to speak to anyone in …, as Maori people speak English. There are some occasions, when knowing a little … would be necessary. It’s also … to know it since many places in New Zealand have Maori names.

useful; New Zealand; hear; official; language (2); Maori

B. English is the … of about 59 per cent of Canadians; and French is the first … of 23 per cent of the population. A full 18 … have either more than one mother tongue or a mother tongue other than … or French, such as Chinese, Italian, German, Polish, Spanish, Ukrainian, Arabic, Dutch, Greek or … languages.

per cent; mother tongue; language; English; other

1.5.Закончите предложения, используя прочитанный текст.

1.The main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet is …

2.English is spoken as the mother tongue in…

3.There are over 3,000 languages …

4.English is the language of …

5.The problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is …

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1.6.Поставьте слова в правильном порядке так, чтобы получились предложения.

1.foreign, the question, important, is, learning, very, today, languages, of.

2.one, the leading, is, the world, languages, in, English, of.

3.the mother, English, of, per cent, tongue, Canadians, is, about, 59, of.

4.international, people, English, in, use, business.

5.people, English, from, each, helps, countries, to communicate, different, with, other.

1.7.Верны ли следующие высказывания?

1.About eight hundred million people speak English as the first and second language.

2.English is spoken as the mother tongue in Great Britain, the United States of America, Canada, India, Australia and New Zealand.

3.There are six official languages in the United Nations Organization.

4.There are some differences between the national norms in Englishspeaking countries.

5.About fifty per cent of all the companies in Russia communicate with each other in English.

1.8.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What is the role of English among other foreign languages?

2.How many people speak English?

3.Why has English become a world language?

4.Where is English an official language?

5.Why do millions of people learn English today?

6.Why do young people want to learn English nowadays? Why do you learn it?

7.Where is English spoken as the mother tongue?

8.Is Standard English completely uniform?

9.Why is it so important for a businessman to know English well?

10.Why is the problem of learning English very urgent in Russia?

1.9.Выполните перевод с русского на английский язык.

1.Английский язык ― официальный язык Великобритании и США.

2.На нем говорят и пишут жители Ирландии, Канады, Мальты, Австралии и Новой Зеландии.

3.Более 400 миллионов человек во всем мире считают английский язык родным.

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