POSOBIE_Bazovy_kurs

The National Gallery of Art

The National Gallery of Art houses one of the great art collections of the world. The pink Tennessee marble building was dedicated and opened to the public in 1941.

It measures 785 feet in length and has more than half a million feet of floor space.

The Rotunda with its interior walls of dark green marble imported from Italy and two garden courts are important features of the building.

Paintings, sculptures, tapestries and many other objects by the great masters from 14th to 19th centuries are exhibited in the Flemish, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, British and American galleries.

The Pentagon

The Pentagon is a building where the headquarters of the Department of Defense, the Army, the Navy and the Air Force are located. It is the military centre of the USA.

The Pentagon was built between 19411943. It is a huge five-sided building and fivestoreys high. It is the largest office building in the world. The Pentagon has

more than 17 miles of corridors and a lot of people work here.

Inside the Pentagon yard there is a subway station and two helicopter

pads.

PART D

NEW YORK

New York is the largest city and port of the United States. Officially it is the city of New York, and popularly it is called New York City.

The City of New York is situated at the mouth of the Hudson River, sometimes called the North River. The five boroughs comprising the city are: Manhattan, on the Manhattan Island between the Hudson and East Rivers; the Bronx, on the southernmost part of the mainland; Queens and Brooklyn, on Long Island, separated from Manhattan by East River; and Richmond on Staten Island in New York Bay.

In 1607, the English navigator Captain Henry Hudson left Europe to search for the famous Northwest Passage. He didn’t find it — for the reason that it

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didn’t exist, but he reached a river to which he gave his name. Henry Hudson found Manhattan on September 11, 1609. Interested by the stories told then by the captain on his return, the Dutch sent other boats to take possession of the land discovered by Hudson, Manhattan Island. The first houses were built in lower Manhattan in 1613. On May 6, 1626, Peter Minuit, director general of New Netherlands, as the Dutch called the colony, paid the Indians 60 guilders for Manhattan, commonly translated as $24, actually $39. When the settlement had around 200 people, it was named New Amsterdam. In 1653 they erected a wall to protect their settlement from which Wall Street takes its name.

On September 8, 1664, British troops occupied New Amsterdam without resistance, overthrew the Dutch government, and called the place New York. Seven years later, the Dutch recaptured the city and called it New Orange, but in 1674 the city was in the hands of the British again who returned the name New York.

At the beginning of the 19th century Manhattan was mostly swamp — so unhealthy that there was an epidemic of yellow fever. While the fine residential streets of London and the grand Boulevards of Paris were being built, chickens were scratching around the muddy streets of New York. Rickety shacks housed people — and pigs. It wasn't until 1867 that a municipal decree was passed, forbidding people to let their pigs run freely through the streets. Although rich ship-owners and financiers were building luxurious hotels and mansions, the newly arrived immigrants lived in disgusting slums. Buildings were divided and subdivided to accommodate as many people as possible. People lived in tenements, which were nothing more than rows of dark cages: no lighting, no running water or windows. Fires and diseases were a part of normal life.

The City of New York has always been the center of political events. It witnessed the American Revolution; the Declaration of Independence was read to the American troops here on July 9, 1776, in the presence of George Washington. It was here on April 30, 1789, that Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall.

In 1875 the population of New York was one million. Twenty-five years later it was over three and a half million. New inventions were developed to deal with the population expansion. At breakneck speed, New York covered itself with trains, suspension bridges, elevated railways, steamboats, and then skyscrapers. The first skyscraper was put up in 1888. It had only 13 stories, but the next had 22, the Empire State Building — 102, and now the World Trade Centre has reached 110 (1,350 ft high).

New York is carefully planned and it is easy for a stranger to find his way there. The city has been built rectangularly. All the streets, except Broadway, run either north and south, or east and west. Twelve long avenues run north and south, and five hundred short streets east and west. The Fifth Avenue divides the

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city into the eastern and the western part. Only Broadway runs diagonally across the city.

The Americans have not given the New York streets names of their famous men but have called them by ordinal numbers or letters of the alphabet, e.g. Second Street, First Avenue, Avenue A, Avenue B, etc.

Thanks to its geographical position and historical past, New York has grown into a big financial, commercial, and industrial centre with the heart in the Borough of Manhattan. The Empire State Building, the World Trade Center, Times Square, Rockefeller Center, Central Park, Harlem, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Broadway — all these world famous sights are in Manhattan. What unites them is probably a small street, only a few blocks long, which is the financial centre of the whole United States — Wall Street. It provides the nation with centralized credit and banking facilities. It is a sales place for securities; it is also the biggest money capitals in the world. Economic and financial power of the USA is concentrated in the buildings of Wall Street; in the banks, among them is the oldest in the city, the Bank of New York, founded in 1784; and in the Stock Exchange, one of the world's greatest.

7.25.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

A.крупнейший город, коммерческий центр, устье реки, всемирно известные достопримечательности, южная часть материка, мореплаватель, поселение, иммигранты, трущобы, небоскребы, политические события, промышленный центр, железные дороги, финансовый центр, пароходы, фондовая биржа.

B.ˈlɑːʤɪst; faɪˈnænʃəl ˈpaʊə; ˈpɒpjʊləli; ˈskaɪˌskreɪpəz; ˈbʌrəz; ˈtɛnɪmənts; kəmˈpraɪzɪŋ; ˈmeɪnlənd; ə mju(ː)ˈnɪsɪpəl dɪˈkriː; ˈnævɪgeɪtə; pəˈzɛʃən; ˈbreɪknɛk spiːd; ˈkɒmənli; ʤɪəˈgræfɪkəl pəˈzɪʃən; ˌəʊvəˈθruː; hɪsˈtɒrɪkəl pɑːst; ˌriːˈkæpʧəd; ən ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk əv ˈjɛləʊ ˈfiːvə; ˈbæŋkɪŋ fəˈsɪlɪtiz; ˈskræʧɪŋ; ˌsʌbdɪˈvaɪdɪd; əˈkɒmədeɪt; ˈkɒnsəntreɪtɪd.

7.26.Составьте предложения из следующих слов:

1.The largest, is, New York, port, in, city, the USA, and.

2.The Hudson River, is, at, situated, of, the mouth, New York City.

3.Manhattan, found, Henry Hudson, 1609, on, September 11.

4.The name, the English, New York, into, changed, New Amsterdam, of.

5.Fires, in, a part, in, disease, and, were, normal, of, life, New York, the 19th century.

6.In, the first was, 1888, put up, skyscraper, in New York.

7.George Washington, on, took, office, the oath of, the balcony, on, Federal Hall, in, April 30, New York, of, 1789.

8.The, oldest, in, the Bank of New York, city, in, founded, the, is, 1784.

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9.In, culture, are, Manhattan, business, and, America's.

10.Streets, are, ordinal, letters, or, New York, called, alphabet, by, of, numbers, the.

7.27.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What is the official name of New York?

2.Where is New York situated?

3.Who discovered the land where New York now stands?

4.What was the first name of the city?

5.Who renamed the city?

6.When were the first houses built in Manhattan?

7.Who bought Manhattan from the Indians? What did it cost?

8.What did New York look like at the beginning of the 19th century?

9.What inventions were developed in New York to deal with the population expansion?

10.When was the first skyscraper built in New York? How many storeys were there in it?

11.What is the highest building in New York now? What is its height?

12.Have the Americans given the New York streets names of their famous men?

13.What political events did the City of New York witness?

14.What is Wall Street? How did the street get its name?

15.What world famous sights are situated in Manhattan?

7.28.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.

10 Interesting Facts about New York

1.Dutch explorer Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan (really its southern tip) from the Algonquin tribe for trinkets and tools … about $24.

2.The first known … for Manhattan was New Amsterdam, which referred to the southern tip of Manhattan, a Dutch trading port.

3.New Yorkers travel an average of 40 minutes to work … day.

4.More than 47 per cent of New York City's residents over the age of 5 speak a … other than English at home.

5.The Federal Reserve Bank on New York's Wall Street contains vaults that are located 80 feet beneath the bank and … about 25 per cent of the world's gold bullion.

6.More than 250 feature films are shot on location in New York … each

year.

7.An average of 4.9 million people … the New York City subway each weekday.

8.The New York City subway system runs 26 routes with 6,200 subway cars that stop at 468 different … stations.

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9. More than 12,700 licensed medallion taxis … the streets of New York

City.

10. More than 18,600 restaurants and eating establishments do … in New

York City.

City, work, language, each, business, name, hold, worth, ride, subway

7.29. Расскажите о той достопримечательности, которую Вы бы хотели посетить в Нью-Йорке. Обоснуйте Ваш выбор.

The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is a splendid statue, which stands on a small Bedloe's Island at the entrance to New York harbour. Its top reaches 305 feet (nearly 100 metres) above the water level.

The Statue of Liberty is the work of the well-known 19th-century French sculptor Frederic Bartholdi. The Statue is made from copper sheets and it is hollow

inside. 225 tons of metal were used for its construction. Inside there is a circular stairway from the base to the crown. There is also a lift in it.

The figure shows a young woman freeing herself from shackles. She holds a torch in her right hand above her head, and in her left hand is a tablet with the date «July 4th, 1776» on it, which symbolizes the Declaration of In-dependence. The torchlights up at night, the Statue stands on the east side of Manhattan Island.

The Statue of Liberty was built on funds collected in France and symbolizes the friendship of the United States and France of those days. The statue, presented to the United States of America in 1884, became national monument in 1924.

On a tablet (besides the date) are inscribed the last five lines of a sonnet,

“The New Colossus”, by Emma Lazarus, a popular American poet, herself an immigrant:

Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, and tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!

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The Empire State Building

New York is known all over the world as the city of skyscrapers. And really, there are a lot of huge buildings here. The most famous of them is the Empire State Building («Empire State» is the nickname of New York), which was thought as «the eighth wonder of the world».

The Empire State Building was opened on May 1, 1931. Then it had 102 floors and was 318 metres high. Twenty years later a TV antenna was built on its roof, and the

building grew 68 metres higher. Now its height is 449 metres.

The Empire State Building stands in the centre of New York, on Manhattan, and presents inspiring views around the horizon, night or day, in wet weather or dry, to visitors from all over the world. It houses 25,000 tenants. There two observation platforms: one - on the 86th and the other on the 102 floors. From its dizzy height one looks over the business area of Broadway and Wall Street. In the north one can see Central Park, the greatest park of New York.

On the walls of a huge hall of the Empire State Building (30 metres long and 3 floors high) you can see the pictures of all the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: the Great Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the statue of Zeus at Olympia, the temple of Diana, the Tomb of King Mausolus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse at Alexandria. And just opposite there is a picture of a skyscraper in the rays of the rising sun.

Every year competitions in stair-racing are held inside the Empire State Building. The participants must overcome 1860 stairs to reach the observation platform on the 102nd floor.

Certainly, you can reach the top of the building using one of the high-speed lifts, which carry 10,000 people an hour.

The Empire State Building remained the world's tallest until the twin towers of the World Trade Centre were opened in 1972. The Trade Centre's triumph was short. A new skyscraper was built two years later. In 1974, the 110-storeyed Search Tower was completed in Chicago. It was 1,454 feet high.

Broadway

Broadway is the centre of the theatres and nightlife. It is a city that never goes to sleep. The subway and buses run all night. There are many drug stores and restaurants, which never close, cinemas with films that start at mid-night. Broadway is known as «The Great White Way»

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because of the electric signs, which turn night into day.

7.30. Подготовьте презентацию о достопримечательностях НьюЙорка.

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UNIT 8

CANADA

PART A

CANADA

Canada is the second largest country in the world. Only Russia has a greater land area. Canada is situated in North America. Canada is slightly larger than the United States, but has only about a tenth as many people. About 28 million people live in Canada. About 80% of the population live within 320 km of the southern border. Much of the rest of Canada is uninhabited or thinly populated because of severe natural conditions.

Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 territories. Canada is an independent nation. But according to the Constitution Act of 1982 British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is recognized as Queen of Canada. This symbolizes the country's strong ties to Britain. Canada was ruled by Britain completely until 1867, when Canada gained control of its domestic affairs. Britain governed Canada's foreign affairs until 1931, when Canada gained full independence.

Canada's people are varied. About 57% of all Canadians have some English ancestry and about 32% have some French ancestry. Both English and French are official languages of the country. French Canadians, most of whom live in the province of Quebec, have kept the language and customs of their ancestors. Other large ethnic groups are German, Irish and Scottish people. Native people — American Indians and Eskimos — make up about 2% of the country's population. 77% of Canada's people live in cities or towns. Toronto and Montreal are the largest urban areas. Ottawa is the capital of the country.

Today, maintaining a sense of community is one of the major problems in Canada because of differences among the provinces and territories. Many Canadians in western and eastern parts of the country feel that the federal government does not pay enough attention to their problems. 80% of Quebec's population are French Canadians. Many of them believe that their province should receive a special recognition in the Canadian constitution.

8.1.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты указанных слов и словосочетаний.

A.Одна десятая, совершенно, восточный, западный, суровый, в соответствии с, немного больше, различия, расположиться, сохранять, официально признаваться, составлять, руководить, править, символизировать.

B.ˈɜːbən ˈeərɪəz; ˈslaɪtli; ɪz ˈrɛkəgnaɪzd; ˈɛθnɪk gruːps; ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtɪd;

ˈtɛrɪtəriz; ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt; ˈθɪnli; ˈbɔːdə; ˈsɪmbəlaɪzɪz; ˈænsɪstri; ˈprɒvɪnsɪz.

8.2.Сопоставьте слова и их дефиниции.