ПОСОБИЕ англ.яз
.pdfOver a million people work in agriculture. British sheep-farming, cattlefarming, dairy-farming, pig-farming and chicken-farming are very important. Britain today is self-sufficient in milk, eggs, potatoes, barley and oats. Also a large proportion of meat and vegetables is home-produced. Home-produced flour, cheese, bacon and ham meet half of the country's needs.
The increasing use of intensive methods of production in agriculture has led to greater specialization. Three-fifths of the farms in Britain are devoted mainly to dairying or beef cattle and sheep; one in six is a cropping farm and the remainder specializes in pigs, poultry or horticulture, or are mixed farms. It follows then that Britain's farming is predominantly based on livestock production.
Arable crops grown in Britain include cereals (wheat, barley, oat), potatoes, sugar beet and fodder crops (turnip, swede, kale). There are 12 million hectares of cultivated land under crops (37%) and grass (40%).
Horticultural crops (fruit, vegetables and flowers) are largely grown on specialized holdings, but some are produced on arable farms.
Early in the 20th century Dutch growers introduced tulips into Britain. Today flowers and bulbs occupy some 5,000 hectares of land.
Tomatoes form the most important glasshouse crop, and, together with lettuce and cucumbers represent some 95% of the total value of glasshouse vegetable output.
Mushrooms are also grown in specially constructed sheds in most parts of Britain, especially in south-eastern and northern England.
Britain imports all of its cotton, rubber, sulphur, 80% of its wool, half of its food and iron ore, also certain amounts of paper, tobacco, chemicals. Manufactured goods made from these basic materials have been exported since the industrial age began. Main exports are machinery, chemicals, woolen and synthetic textiles, clothing, autos and trucks, iron and steel, locomotives, ships, jet aircraft, farm machinery, drugs, radio, TV, radar and navigation equipment, scientific instruments, arms, whisky.
2. Answer the following questions:
1.What are the main industries in Great Britain?
2.What are the main industrial centers of Great Britain?
3.What kinds of farms are there in Great Britain?
4.What arable crops are grown in the country?
5.What does Britain import and export?
6.What is the characteristic feature of Britain’s industry?
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Unit 8. National customs and traditions
International day of happiness
1.Read the text. Translate the underlined words.
The United Nations has declared 20 March as the first ever International Day of Happiness.
It hopes the initiative will encourage governments to consider the well-being of their citizens, rather than focusing efforts solely on economic growth.
Britain is less happy than in the 1950s despite the fact that we are three times richer. So what exactly makes us happy? A new car, an expensive holiday or simply spending time with friends and family?
Man 1:
What makes me happy is slowing down. I think that we live in a very fast, speedy world and we often forget to take stock and take time. Well, the problem with happiness is of course that sometimes when you are happy, you are infected with the spirit of the fact that it’s going to stop. So sometimes you can’t enjoy happiness because you know it’s going to end.
Man 2:
I think it is a very good thing to try and aim to be happy. Happiness is a difficult concept. As for me, I’m never happier than when I’m with my wife and child and also have a fulfilling and satisfying work.
Man 3:
Above a certain point – wealth and possessions don’t contribute to happiness. Of course, there is a minimum. If you’ve just lost your job and you can’t pay the mortgage, you are going to be miserable. But above a certain level, and it’s actually relatively low in a society like ours, money doesn’t actually buy happiness.
2.Choose the correct answer.
1)An idiomatic way of saying 'to look at something and assess, or examine it' is '_______'.
a. to bring stick b. to get stuck c. to take stock
2)Objects that you have, as opposed to abstract things like love or happiness, can be called ___________.
a. existing obsessions b. material possessions c. hard solids
3)When you get what you want, your feeling is that o ___________.
a.satisfacao
b.b.satisfaccion
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c. satisfaction
4) Which of these three-letter words means 'great happiness'? a.jay
b.joy
c.jam
5) Something that meets your needs and expectations is __________.
a.fulfilling
b.filling
c.fulling
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PHONETIC AND GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Ангалфавитийский
Английские
буквы Аa
Вв Сc D d
Еe
Ff
Gg
H h
I i
J j
K k
L l
M m
Звуки
[ei]
[bi:]
[si:]
[di:]
[i:]
[ef]
[ʤi::]
[eitʃ]
[ai]
[d ei]
[kei]
[el]
[em]
Английские |
Звуки |
буквы |
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N n |
[en] |
O o |
[ou] |
P p |
[pi:] |
Q q |
[kju:] |
R r |
[a:] |
S s |
[es] |
T t |
[ti:] |
U u |
[ju:] |
V v |
[vi:] |
W w |
['dʌblju:] |
X x |
[eks] |
Y y |
[wai] |
Z z |
[zed] |
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Буквы и звуки |
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Ванглийскомязыкезвука44,дляобозначениякоторыхиспользуются26 |
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букв: согласныхи20 6 . |
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Транскрипция – этосистемаусловныхзн,обк значающихвуки. |
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Открытыйслогоканчивается |
нагласную.Всегласныебуквычита, кются |
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каконазываютсяиалфавите. |
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Закрытыйслогзаканчиваетсянасогласнбукву.Правилачтенияследуетю |
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запоминать. |
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Правилачтениягласныхбукв |
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Тип чте- |
Aa [ei] |
Oo [ou] |
Ee [i:] |
Ii [ai] |
Yy [wai] |
Uu [ju:] |
ния |
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I откры- |
[ei] face |
[ou] go |
[i:] Pete |
[ai] nice |
[ai] my |
[ju:] duty |
тый слог |
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II закры- |
[æ] man |
[ɔ] not |
[e] pen |
[i] sit |
[i] myth |
[ʌ] cup |
тый слог |
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III гласная |
[a:] car |
[ɔ:] form |
[ə:] term |
[ə:] girl |
[ə:] Byrd |
[ə:] curl |
+ r |
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IV гласная |
[εə] care |
[ɔ:] more |
[iə] here |
[aiə] fire |
[aiə] tyre |
[juə] during |
+ re |
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Буквосочетания |
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буквосочетание |
чтение |
пример |
буквосочетание |
чтение |
пример |
ai |
[ei] |
Spain |
oo |
[u:] |
too |
ay |
[ei] |
day |
ou |
[au] |
out |
ea |
[i:] |
teacher |
ow |
[au] |
brown |
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[ou] |
snow |
ee |
[i:] |
tree |
air |
[εə] |
chair |
ew |
[ju:] |
new |
eer |
[iə] |
deer |
oi, oy |
[ɔi] |
point, boy |
our |
[auə] |
our |
oo+k |
[u] |
look |
oor |
[ɔ:] |
door |
Правилачтениясогласныхбукв
107
буква |
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позиция |
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чтение |
примеры |
c [si:] |
1перед. |
e, i, y |
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[s] |
cent, pencil, cycle |
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2остальные. позиции |
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[k] |
cat, come, black |
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gʤi:][ |
1перед. |
e, i, y |
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[ʤ] |
page, , giant, gym |
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2.остальныепозиции |
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[g] |
go, green, big, guess |
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s [es] |
1вначале. слова,прглухимисд |
о- |
[s] |
sister, student |
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гласнымивконцесловапосле |
у- |
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хихсогласных |
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2между. гласными,вконцесловп |
о- |
[z] |
please, pens |
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слегласныхизвонкихсогла |
сных |
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x [eks] |
1передгласными. вконцеслов |
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[ks] |
text, six |
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2передударной. гласной |
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[gz] |
exam |
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Буквосочетания |
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буквосочетание |
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позиция |
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чтение |
примеры |
sh |
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любая |
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[ʃ] |
shine, she |
ch |
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любая |
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[tʃ ] |
chair, chess |
tch |
послекраткихгласных |
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[tʃ ] |
watch |
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ck |
послекраткихгласных |
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[k] |
black, pack |
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th |
1вначале. знаменател |
ь- |
[θ] |
thick, month |
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ныхсловиконцесл |
ова |
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2вначале. местоим |
ений, |
[ð] |
this, than, |
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служебныхсловимежду |
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mother |
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гласными |
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wh |
1перед. |
о |
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[h] |
who |
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2остальные. позиции |
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[w] |
wheel |
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qu |
передгласны |
ми |
[kw] |
question |
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ng |
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вконцеслова |
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[ŋ] |
strong |
nk |
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любая |
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[ŋk] |
thank |
wr |
вначалесловапередгла |
с- |
[r] |
write |
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ными |
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bt |
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любая |
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[t] |
debt |
ght |
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любая |
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[t] |
right, night |
gn |
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любая |
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[n] |
sign, design |
kn |
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любая |
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[n] |
know, knit |
ph |
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любая |
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[f] |
photo |
Порядсловпростомрак |
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спространённомпредлож |
ении. |
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1. Порядоксловутвердительномпредложении. |
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I |
II |
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III |
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IV |
Подлежа- |
Сказуе- |
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Дополнение |
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Обстоятель- |
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щее |
мое |
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Object |
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ство |
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Subject |
Verb |
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Adverbial |
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Modifier |
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Косвен- |
Прямое |
Косвен- |
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ноебез |
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ноес |
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предлога |
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предло- |
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гом |
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We |
study |
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mathematics |
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Мы |
изучаем |
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математику |
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He |
gives |
us |
lessons |
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in this room. |
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Он |
даёт |
нам |
уроки |
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вэткомнатей |
She |
reads |
- |
her notes |
to Peter |
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every day |
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Петру |
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Она |
читает |
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своизаметки |
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каждыйдень |
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2Порядок. словвопросительномпредложении |
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Ввопросите льномпредложенииванглязыкейскомспользуется |
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обрат- |
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ныйпорядокслов |
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Вопроси- |
Вспомога- |
Подле- |
Остальная Дополнения: |
Обстоятель- |
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тельное |
тельный |
жащее |
частьск |
а- |
прямое,ко |
с- |
стваместа, |
слово |
глагол |
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зуемого |
венное |
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времени |
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Was |
your girl- |
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here |
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friend |
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yesterday? |
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Did |
they |
explain |
the situation |
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to you? |
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When |
was |
the |
explained |
to you? |
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situation |
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When |
did |
you |
see |
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him? |
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Who(m) |
have |
you |
bought |
the watch for? |
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Существительное
109
1. Категориячисла |
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Исчисляемыесуществимогутиметьформудинственногоельныечисла, |
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еслиречьидётободномпредмете,и ножчи,еслречьтвенногоидёта |
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двухилиболеепред.Формножеетачихубольшинствалатвенного |
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с- |
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чисуществительныхляемыхобразуетсяпомощьюсуффикса |
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Noun ending |
Forming the plural |
Example |
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Окончаниесуществител |
ь- |
Формамножественного |
Пример |
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ного |
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числа |
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boss→boss |
es |
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- s, - x, - ch or - sh |
- es |
tax→tax |
es |
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bush→bush |
es |
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consonant + y |
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ba→byab |
ies |
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y→i + es |
candy→ |
ies |
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согласный+ |
y |
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curry→curr |
ies |
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cat→cat |
s |
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most others |
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- s |
face→face |
s |
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day→ |
ays |
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Ванглийскязыкеестьнебколичествомльшоесущ ,которыествительных образуютформумножечинепособщемулатвенногоправилу.
Noun type |
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Forming the plural |
Example |
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Формамножественного |
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Тип |
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Пример |
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числа |
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Ends with – fe |
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Change f → v |
knife→knives |
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life→lives |
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Заканчиваетсяна |
– fe |
then add - s |
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wife→wives |
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Ends with - f |
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Change f → v |
half→halves |
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wolf→wolves |
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Заканчиваетсяна |
– f |
then add - es |
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loaf→loaves |
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Ends with - o |
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potato→potatoes |
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Add - es |
tomato→tomatoes |
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Заканчиваетсяна |
- o |
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volcano→ |
canoes |
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Ends with - us |
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cactus→cacti |
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Change - us → - i |
nucleus→nuclei |
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Заканчиваетсяна |
- us |
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focus→foci |
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110 |
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Ends with - is
Заканчиваетсяна - is
Ends with - on
Заканчиваетсяна - on
ALL KINDS
Исключения
Unchanging
Неизменяемые
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analysis→analyses |
Change - is→ - es |
crisis→crises |
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thesis→theses |
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phenomenon→ |
Change - on→ - a |
phenomena |
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crite→rionteria |
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man→men |
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foot→feet |
Change the vowel |
child→children |
or |
person→people |
Change the word |
tooth→teeth |
or |
mouse→mice |
Add a different ending |
woman→women |
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ox→oxen |
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goose →geese |
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sheep |
Singular and plural are the |
deer |
same |
fish (sometimes) |
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swine |
Исчисляемыенеисчисляемыесуществит льные |
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Исчисляемые |
Неисчисляемые |
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Единственное |
Множественное |
Толькоединственноечисло |
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число |
число |
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An apple |
Apples |
Еда |
Bread, cheese |
A child |
Children |
Вещество |
Soap, snow |
A fish |
Fish |
Материал |
Iron, wood |
A dog |
Dogs |
Обобщающиеслова |
Noise, hair |
A man |
Men |
Абстракпонятияные |
Hope, love |
2Падеж. имёнсуществительных Притяжатпадежсуществительныхльный
111
Одушевлённые |
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Неодушевлённые |
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Един- |
Множественное число |
Страны,г |
о- |
Слова: |
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Остальные |
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ственное |
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рода,мес |
я- |
Moon, Sun, |
неодушев- |
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число |
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ца,дни |
е- |
city, Earth, |
лённые |
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дели,пр |
о- |
world, |
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существи- |
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межутки |
ocean, river, |
тельные |
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времени |
town, |
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расстояния |
country |
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- ’s |
- ’ |
- ’s |
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- ’s |
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- ’s |
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of |
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A boy’s |
Boys’ |
Men’s |
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July’s |
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The sun’s |
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The roof of |
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toy |
toys |
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hobbies |
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heat |
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rays |
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the house |
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A girl’s |
Girls’ |
Women’s |
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A day’s |
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The moon’s |
The end of |
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doll |
doll |
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hats |
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wait |
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surface |
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the story |
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A woman’s |
A ladies’ |
Sheep’s |
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Kiev’s |
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The city’s |
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The leg of |
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hat |
room |
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wool |
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streets |
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centre |
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the table |
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A cat’s |
Cats’ |
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Deer’s |
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A week’s |
The town’s |
The page of |
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tail |
tails |
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horns |
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stay |
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history |
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the book |
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Существительное ’s +существительное – единственное числоопределения |
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Существительное s’ + существительное – множественное числоопределения |
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(опреде+главноес )овоение |
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Boy’s book – книгамальчика |
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boys’ book – книгамальчиков |
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boy’s books – книгимальчика |
boys’ books – книгимальчиков |
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Но: man’s job работамужчины,мужскаяработа |
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men’s job – работамужчин |
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3Артикль. . |
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Употребленартиклнеисчисляемымийсисчи существ |
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и- |
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тельными |
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Типысуществител |
ь- |
a / an |
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the |
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ных |
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(первупоме |
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и- |
(известный, |
(первупоме |
и- |
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нание) |
определённый) |
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нание) |
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Исчисляемоесущ |
е- |
an accountant |
the accountant |
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____ |
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ствительноееди |
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н- |
a manager |
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the manager |
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ственномчисле |
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Исчисляемоесущ |
е- |
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the accountants |
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accountants |
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ствительное вомн |
о- |
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the managers |
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managers |
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жественномчисле |
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Неисущчисляемое |
е- |
_____ |
the money |
|
money |
|
||||
ствительное
Местоимение
112