English

lathe chuck - патрон токарного станка;

3.computerised numerical control (CNC) - числовое программное управле-

ние(ЧПУ);

4.CNC machine - станок с ЧПУ;

5.computer-controlled machine - станок с числовым управлением;

6.direct numerical control (DNC) - прямое числовое программное управление;

7.gripped - захват, "рука" робота;

8.memory - память, запоминающее устройство;

9.turret - револьверная головка;

ризонтальной) станочной обработки детали;

11.attachment - устройство, приспособление;

12.ancillary - служебный, вспомогательный; Read and translate the text.

Text B. CNC MACHINES AND THEIR CONTROL.

Computer-controlled machines are the building blocks of FMS. The key feature of a CNC machine is that several steps can be carried out in sequence without manual labour, and a number of different series of machining operations can be stored in the controller. Therefore, to initiate a particular sequence or program, die operator needs only call up the program name or number, while a series of different workplaces can be machined without pausing to set the mm nine up or install new tools. It should be noted that the signal to initiate a program can come equally from a process computer controlling a whole machine shop. However, the features that make CNC the heart of an FMS can also he adopted on other machines - for example, the CNC is almost the same as a robot controller.

In some installations, a number of CNC machines have been under minicomputer control and generally they are called DNC (direct numerical control) systems. Usually a DNC differs from an FMS in the ancillaries. For example, tools

13

may be supplied on pallets, along conveyors with the workplaces, and be loaded manually. Then, the workplace is usually set up manually. In other causes, the system is designed to produce a small number of variations in a family of components, such as axles.

There are basically two types of CNC machines — lathes and machining centers. All have similar control units. In a typical CNC lathe, there is a slant-bed with one or two turrets carrying tools for turning, boring, drilling and perhaps even grinding.

The movement of the tools both towards the spindle and towards the heartsick can be controlled at various speed, while the spindle speed also can be varied infinitely. Then each tool can be used as required, all these auctions being controlled automatically according to a present program.

As a general rule, in FMS there are two common types of machining centers, those with vertical and those with horizontal spindles. The horizontal types are mostly used owing to their greater flexibility.

The table carrying the workplace can move horizontally in two planes, x and y, and it can also index around. Then, the spindle can be moved vertically. Thus, the workplace can be indexed around 90° so that four faces can be machined at one setting. However, some machines either have a right angle attachment or have a special head design for machining the lop face. On a vertical spindle, the table can be moved in the x and у planes, while the spindle can move vertically.

As with lathes, so with machining centers, the spindle and Label speeds can be varied infinitely, but, of course, to enable the machine to mill, drill, bore and tap, many different tools are needed. Therefore, a tool magazine is mounted on the side of the machine. The magazine is circular or rectangular, and it is indexed around so that the tool needed for the next operation can be moved in advance close to the loading station this device being called an automatic tool changer (АТС). Between the loading station and spindle there is a gripped which can pick up the tool from the spindle chuck—in some cases while the

14

spindle is still rotating -remove it and place it in the magazine. Then it picks up the new too! and inserts it in the machine. It is worthy of note that the most important features of CNC machines are the servomotors, which can be controlled so that they can rotate at any speed. Next, with electronic controllers, it became practical to put a series OF STeps in sequence and initiate those steps automatically. It should be noted that large memory is needed so that many programs can be stored, and more complex programs be used. Most of the new CNC machines take advantage of the large memory to include standard programs for such operations as drilling and deep drilling carried out in stages.

New words and word combinations.

1.the control (controller) - устройство управления;

2.power supply - подвод энергии, энергопитание;

3.air supply - подвод воздуха;

4.hydraulic supply - подвод жидкости;

5.feedback device - датчики обратной связи;

6.joint - соединение, шарнир;

7.actuator - исполнительный орган (механизм);

8.gripping device - захватное устройство;

9.memory (programme storage) - устройство памяти;

10.stepping switches - шаговые переключатели;

11.valve - клапан, распределитель;

12.heat exchanger - теплообмениватель;

13.power (supply) unit - энергоблок (питание);

14.filter - regulator - фильтр с регулятором; Read and translate the text.

Text C.

What are industrial robots and how do they work? Although they vary widely in shape, size and capability industrial robots are made up of several basic components: the manipulator, the control and the power supply.

15

The manipulator is the mechanical device which actually performs the useful functions of the robot. It is a hydraulically, pneumatically or electrically driven jointed mechanism capable of up to seven independent, coordinated motions. Feedback devices on the manipulator's joints or actuators provide information regarding its motions and positions to the robot control. A gripping device or toll, designed for the specific tasks to be done by the robot is mounted on the outermost joint of the manipulator. Its function is directed by the robot's control system.

The control stores the desired motions of the robot and their sequence in its memory; directs the manipulator through this sequence or "program" upon command; and interacts with the machines, conveyors and tools with which the robot works. Controls range in complexity from simple stepping switches to minicomputers.

Hydraulically actuated robots also include an electrically driven pump, control valves, reservoir and heat exchanger in a power supply unit which provides fluid flow and pressure to drive the manipulator. Cooling water is also required by some robots to maintain hydraulic fluid temperature or for control cabinet temperature or for control cabinet temperature regulation. Pneumatically driven robots are usually connected (through a filter - regulator) to the factory compressed air system.

New words and word combinations.

1.hardware - механическая часть;

2.handling (manipulative job functions) - манипулирование; функции ма-

нипулирования;

3.load - груз; нагрузка;

4.special-purpose - (узко)специальный;

5.off-the-shelf automation - серийно выпускаемые средства автоматиза-

ции;

6.handling equipment - манипуляционное оборудование;

16

7.without human assistance - без помощи человека;

8.to relieve from - освободить от;

9.hazardous - опасный;

10.teachable - обучаемый;

11.to distinguish form - отличать от;

12.to occur - иметь место;

13.manually - вручную;

14.to substitute manual actions of human being - заменить все ручные дейст-

вия человека;

Read and translate the text. Text D

Handling operations occur in practically all production processes. At first they were carried out manually, but then the development of hardware components made it possible to relieve the people from the necessity of handling heavy loads.

From this standpoint the industrial robot is not something supernatural. It is only the most perfect form of the technique used in handling processes. Their purpose is not only to substitute or imitate the actions of human beings, but also to perform production processes more quickly and better man a man.

Robots fill the gap between special-purpose automation and human endeavor. They have demonstrated an ability to perform work that requires simple repetitive motions and, therefore, can relieve human operators from hazardous or monotonous tasks.

Terms like 'teachable1 and 'program-controlled' are often applied to robots. However, robots are best understood in terms of their real capabilities. Essentially, they are -off-the-shelf automation. It is the robot's ability to be easily taught or reprogrammed that distinguishes it from other types of automated handling equipment.

17

Robot is one of the very few Slav words (in this case Czech) borrowed in the different languages. It comes from the Old Slav word ‘robu', which means a servant. In modern Slav, the word 'robotnik' means workman and is linked to the Russian word for work, ‘rabota’.

Notes. Примечания.

in terms of- с точки зрения; is(was)... that - именно;

the very (compare with ‘very’) – самый Unit III Management.

New words and word combinations.

1.business - коммерческая деятельность

2.a firm - фирма, предприятие

3.a staff - штат служащих

4.a head - глава, начальник, руководитель

5 technical means and equipment - оргтехника

6.paper work - канцелярская работа

7.an engagement - дело, встреча

8.an appointment - деловое свидание, условная встреча

9.to make an appointment - назначить встречу

10.to have an appointment - иметь встречу

11.to keep an appointment - прийти в назначенное время

12.to cancel an appointment - отменить встречу

13.to arrange - устроить, условиться

14 to call, to phone - звонить по телефону

15.hold the line - не вешать трубку

16.to leave a message with - оставить сообщение у кого-либо

17.to discuss the matter - обсуждать вопрос

18 to come to an agreement - прийти к согласию Read and translate the text

18

Text A. The Office

When we see or hear the word "business", however we think first of all not of different shops, factories or mines, but of offices. Modern business is done chiefly there, and a day of a modern businessman is a day spent at an office. That is probably why business people pay so much attention to the way their offices look like.

I am sure you can easily imagine this place.

Usually it is situated in a large or not very large well-planned building1) somewhere in the centre or in a prestige district of the city. How large the office itself is depends on the dimensions of the firm, which the businessman owns2). But in any case3) it should be light and clean and have not necessary very chic and expensive but comfortable furniture of good quality. One more very important thing is the air. It should always be fresh and neither hot nor cold. For this purpose a lot of modern businessmen use various types of air-conditioners.

Office work usually means different forms of communication. A businessman often needs to speak to other people and he can do this by using the telephone, which is an important part of the communications system. The head of a large firm usually has two telephones on his desk. One is a usual telephone, which connects the businessman with other people in the town and in other countries. But the other one is connected to a private internal system and this makes it possible for members of the staff in different parts of the same building to talk to one another without leaving their rooms.

A businessman also communicates by writing. But he doesn't write his letters himself, he dictates them to his secretary, usually a woman, who types them on a typewriter or with the help of a computer, and then takes them to be signed.

After that she posts all the letters or (which is more common nowadays) sends them using fax. Thus4) we can say for sure that different technical means and equipment like personal computer, fax, xerox, printer occupy a considerable part of the office interior.

19

And of course speaking about offices of any kind we shouldn't forget the person, who actually organizes the work there, who arranges meetings, makes appointments, cancels them, does most of the paper-work and answers telephone calls thus helping her boss in his business.

Notes. Примечания

1)a well-planned building — здание с хорошей планировкой

2)How large the office itself is depends on the dimensions of the firm, which the businessman owns.—To, насколько большой офис(=размеры офиса), зависит от размеров фирмы, которой владеет бизнесмен.

3)in any case — в любом случае thus — таким образом

4)thus – таким образом

New words and word combinations.

1.management - менеджмент, администрация, руководство

2.affair - дело; pl. - дела, занятия

3.to affect - влиять, (воз)действовать (на кого-либо); трогать, волновать, затрагивать, задевать

4.employee - служащий, рабочий

5.to run a business - управлять делом

6.to control - управлять, проверять, контролировать

7.ability - способность, умение

8.to establish - основывать, создавать, утверждать, устраивать, устанавливать

9.valuable - ценный

10.to contribute ... to ... - содействовать, способствовать; жертвовать (деньги ... на ...), делать вклад, отдавать время

Read and translate the text into Russian. Text B. Management and Organization.

20

Management includes those personnel who have the right to make decisions that affect company's affairs. Organization is the means by which management coordinates the efforts of employees to attain the company's objectives1).

Organization Involves structure. An organizational structure is a framework enabling management to delegate and control the responsibilities of individuals and departments. In this way, a company can function as a unit with the same efficiency as a business run by one person.

Once organizational structure has been established, areas (and sub-areas) of activities, levels of authority, and duties must be clearly defined.

Yet with this structure, allowance must be made for initiative. Good management permits employees (and manager) to grow according to individual abilities. This is a valuable asset to a company in that individual talents contribute to organizational growth.

Communication is of great importance in organizational structure. A smooth, two-way flow (from management to employees and from employees to management) ensures efficient functioning through feedback, suggestions, and grievances2).

There are three management levels: top management, middle management, and operating management3). Гор management includes the president, vice presidents, and the general manager. Middle management includes department managers, plant managers, and production superintendents4). Operating management includes supervisors, foremen, etc.

Notes. Примечания.

1)to attain the company's objectives - чтобы осуществить задачи, стоящие перед компанией (частица to вводит инфинитив цели).

2)feedback, suggestions, and grievances - обратная связь, предложения и жалобы

3)top management, middle management, and operating management - выс-

шее руководство, руководители среднего звена, оперативное руководство

21

4) production superintendents - начальники производства New words and word combinations.

1.financial management - управление финансами

2.to establish relations - установить отношения

3.selling - продажа

4.to forecast - предсказывать

5.profit - прибыль

6.payment - платеж

7.to run out - заканчиваться

8.to exceed - превышать Translate the text into Russian. Text C. Financial management.

In the past, financial management was not a major concern for a business. A company used to establish relations with a local bank. The bank handled the financing and the company took care of producing and selling.

Today only few firms operate in this way. Usually businesses have managers who work with the banks. They negotiate transactions, compare rates among competing financial institutions. Financial management begins with the creation of a financial plan. The plan includes timing and amount of funds and the inflow and outflow of money.

The financial manager develops and controls the financial plan. He also forecasts the economic conditions, the company's revenues, expenses and profits. The financial manager's job starts and ends with the company's objectives. He reviews them and determines the funding they require. The financial manager compares the expenses involved to the expected revenues. It helps him to predict cash flow. The available cash consists of beginning cash plus customer payments and funds from financing.

The financial manager plans a strategy to make the ending cash positive. If cash outflow exceeds cash inflow, the company will run out of cash. The solution is

22