2. Составьте словарь к тексту.

3. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are the recognized steps in real science?

2. Why are classification and measurement so important in real science?

3. What science deals with measurements of physical quantities?

4. What are the three fundamental units?

5. What systems of measurement are widely used all over the world now?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:

SPEED, TIME, DISTANCE

1. Kinematics and dynamics are the two branches of mechanics concerned with the phenomena of motion. A complete description of a moving particle or object would involve its mass, forces producing change of speed, direction of motion, time, speed, the distance travelled, etc. Kinematics describes motion with respect to speed, time and distance only, while dynamics deals with the causes or laws of motion, involving the nature of the particle or object whose motion is under study.

2. Here, we are to define motion only from the standpoint of measurement of speed as amount of change of position per unit time. Generally, the word "per" indicates division. For example, "mass per unit volume" means mass divided by volume.

3. The definition of speed gives us a method of measuring it. We divide the amount of change of position (i.e. the distance covered) by the time it takes for the change to happen. We can say that units of speed = units of distance (length)/ units of time.

4. Compared with every other form of motion with which we are familiar the speed of light appears to be an upper limit of-velocity. In a single second light crosses a space equal to eight times the circumference of the Earth and in travelling from any visible object on the Earth to the eye of an observer on the Earth, light occupies, however small, but a real interval of time.

5. We see objects not as they are at the moment we notice them but as they were the smallest fraction of a second before that. From the Moon light takes a little more than a second and a quarter in reaching us. But light occupies more than eight minutes to reach us from the Sun; a longer or shorter interval in travelling to us from Mercury, Venus, Mars, etc. The information brought by light about the various members of the solar system belongs to different times and it is clear that events of the greatest importance might have happened and we don't know anything about them.

2. Составьте словарь к тексту.

3. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is kinematics?

2. What does kinematics deal with?

3. What is dynamics concerned with?

4. With respect to what parameters does kinematics describe motion?

5. What is the mathematical formula for speed?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:

NATIONAL STANDARDS

1. Every country maintains its own metrology system. In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) plays the dual role of maintaining and furthering both commercial and scientific metrology. NIST does not enforce measurement accuracy directly.

2. The accuracy and traceability of commercial measurements is enforced per the laws of the individual states. Commercial measurement generally involves any material sold by any unit of measure. Some intuitive or obvious measurement is generally exempted, such as selling cloth on a cutting table that has a yardstick fastened to it. All counting-based transactions are generally exempt also. But each state has its own rules.

3. Commercial metrology is also known as "weights and measures" and is essential to commerce of any kind above the pure barter level. Every state maintains its own weights and measures functionality with traceability to the national standards maintained by NIST. Large states further divide this effort by county, where a "Sealer" or other appointee is responsible for the validity of most common commercial measurements such as mass balances (scales) in grocery stores and gasoline pump measurements of volume. The sealer's staff and agents make periodic inspections to verify compliance, maintaining the integrity of commercial measurements.

4. Depending on the specific state, other state government agencies can be involved. For example, electricity watt-hour meters and water delivery flow meters are commonly monitored by the state's "public utilities commission" who enforces the measurement tolerances and traceability to NIST. Highway State Police and the State Highway Department generally run the commercial truck weight measurement programs for safety purposes and to minimize the damage to road surfaces that overloaded trucks cause.