Глава 7. Проводниковые материалы. С.186-229
.pdfBpeMH TeMnepaTypax (OK0.710 MILTI"lIiKeJIbBHI-W) nepeBeCTB B CBepX npOBOlVImee COCTOHHHe He y)1,aJIOCb.
HBJIeHHe CBepXnpOBO)1,HMOCTH CBH3aHO C TeM, 4TO 3neKTpH4eCKuA TOK, OLI,HalK)1,bI HaBe,lI.eHHblfi B CBepxnpOBOLI,Sllll,eM KOHType, 6yLI,er JVH1-
TeJIbHO (ron.aMH) UHpKyJIHpOBarb no 3TOMy KOHTypy 6e3 3aMeTHoro YMeHbweHIIH CBoeM CHJIbI, II npHTOM 6e3 BCHKoro nO,.:J,BOll,a 3HeprHH
H3BHe (KOHeqHO, eCJIH He yqHTbIBaTb HeH36elKHoro pacxo,J,a 3HeprHH Ha pa60Ty OXJIa.iK,LI.alOIll.ero yCTpoikTBa, Koropoe llOJDKHO rrO,LI.lJ.ep:tKHBaTb TeMnepaTypy CBepxnpOBOll,HIII-erO KOHTypa HHtKe 3HaqeHHH T e , xapaK-
TepHoro ,LI.JIH )1,aHHOrO CBepXrrpOBO,LI.HHKOBOro MarepHaJIa); TaKOIf CBepx .. npOBO,LI.HIJ.J.HH KOHTyp C03,LI.aer B OKpYlKalOllI.e~1 npOCTpaHCTBe MarHHTHoe
nOJIe, rrO)1,06HO nOCToHHHOMy MarHHTy. [J03TO:\fY OOTeKaeMbIH 3.lIeKTpHqeCKHM TOKOM CBepxnpOBO,LI.HllI.a if COJleHOIC~ ;J;O.TIlKeH rrpe;J;craBJ1HTb COOOif
u , u
CBepxnpOBOj(HHKOBbIH 3.TIeKTpOMarHHT, He TpeoyIOIlJ)IH nUTaHI1H OT HC" T04HHKa TOKa. O)1,HaKO nepBOHaqaJIbH~e nonWTKH H3rOTOBHTb npaKTH-
qeCKH npHrOj(HbIH CBepXnpOBOJJ;HHKOBbIH |
3"leKTpO;\ilarHI1T, C03JJ;alOI.l\HIf |
B OKpY.iKalOI.I.J.eM npOCTpaHCTBe MarHllTHoe |
nOJIe C ,lI.OCraTOqHO BbICOKll:\1H |
HanpH>KeHHOCTbIO H H MarHHTHOH HHJJ:yKUHefi: B, 3aKOHQHJIHCb Hey.a;a- qefi. OKa3aJIOCh, qTO CBepxnpOBOJJ.HMOCTb HapywaeTcH He TOJlbKO npH nOBblweHHH TeMnepaTypbI .no 3HaQeHHff, npeBbEJJeHOW,11X T e , HO 11 npH
B03HHKHOBeHHH |
Ha nOBepXHOCTH CBCpXnpOBOJ,HHKa MarHHTHOrO nOJIff |
C MafHHTHOH |
HH.nyKUHeH, npeBblwaIOIlI,ei% IIH,n;yKUHlO nepexol(a Bo |
(B nepBOM npn6.TIHlKeHHH, no KpaHHefl Mepe ,QJIH qnCrbIX CBepXnpOBOl(HIfKOBhIX MeTaJIJlOB, 6e3pa3JIHQHO, C03)J,aeTCH ,,1H IIHZLYKUiIH B(; TOKOM, H1J.ymHM no caMoMy CBepXnpOBOJI.HHKy, HJIH me CTOpOHHHM HCTOqHHKOM
M~HHTHoro nOJIH). 3TO nOHCHHerCH ,Qnarpal\1\loi'f cocrOHHIHf CBepx..
npOBOJI.HllKa, H306pa:iKeHHOIf Ha pIfC. Ka)KJI.OMY 3HaqeHHIO TeMnep3TypbI T .n:aHHoro MaTepHaJla, HaXOJI.HmerOCH B cBepXnpOBOjl,HI..U.eM COCTOHHHH, cooTBeTcTByeT CBoe 3Ha~eHHe HHn;yKuHH nepexoJJ;a B o•
HaH60JIbWaH B03MO:iKHaH TeMnep aTypa nepexoJI.a Teo (KpHTHQeCKa5I TeMflepaTypa) JJ.aHHoro CBepxnpOBO/I.-
lIHKOBoro MaTepHaJIa JJ.oCTHraeTCfl
HODMr.1J7b/-IOe
I
cocmOflHue
|
|
T |
|
, |
|
|
T |
|
|
|
i |
|
II |
||
f) ~-'------'-----' |
Teo |
|
|||||
Tc |
10 |
20K |
L |
~I |
|
||
PHC. |
7-1 G |
|
|
|
Pus. |
7·17 |
|
PHC. 7-16. H3MeHeHlIe OTHomeHHH conpOTHBJleHHH 06PU3WY3 pryni Ii nJI3THHbI np'fl TeKyw.clIt 3HaqeHl1H Te~mepaTypbI K HX conpoTHBJ1eHHlo opa T = 273 K npH rJly6oKoM
OX,1aJK.n.eHlllI
PHe. 7-17. 06UJ,Hrl BHJt. AHarpaMMbI COCT051HH5I cBepXllpoBo)l,HHKa nepBoro pOJI.a
Ml~1
40~+-+-"r-+---f
4- |
l< |
|
PHC. 7-18 |
|
Pile. 7-J~1 |
PEe. 7-18. nnarpaMMbI COCTOf:!llHI SJIeM€HTapHblX |
CBepXnpOBotI,f1HKOB nerJB0fO po.na |
|
)I)l~ |
Han60Jlee H3BeCTHb!X |
3JIeMeHTOB |
PIlC. 7-19. CBH3b 3H81.J€HB5I Reo II T co 9JICMeHTapHbix cBepXnpOBo;I.HUKOB nepEQrO po,lla
npn. HHqTO)KHO t-.HUIOii MarHHTHoii IlHJlYKUHB, T. |
e. }J,JHl |
CBep X npOBOJJ,HH- |
HOBoro 3JleKTpOMarHlna - npa BeCb:\I3 rvlaJIoi:-r |
CHJle |
TOKa, I!Jlyu~ero |
qepes 06MOTKY ~Horo 3.r:reKTpO?\lanHlT3. COOTBeTCTBeHHO II H31I6oJlbwee BOSMO)I{HOe 3HaqeHHe Bco MarHIITHCH HH)lyKIlHH nepexona (KpIITIlqeCK8H MarHHTHaH HHnYKIUlfI) COOTBeTcTByeT TeMnepaType CBepxnpoBO;J.HHKa, l-mqTO)I{HO OTJIHQalOmeikH OT Hy.TIH KeJIbBHHa. 3aWTpuxOBaHHaH 06-
JlaCTh OPQ Ha pHC. |
7-17 COOTBeTcTByeT CBepx npOBOJ.I.HULeMy COCTOHHHIO, |
||||||||||||||||||||
a He3awTpHxoB8HHaH 06JIaCTb BHe KpHBOI1 PQ - |
HOP:-'13.7IbHOMY COCTOH· |
||||||||||||||||||||
Hlno MaTepIIaJI8. ECJ1[I MaTepnaJI pa60TaeT npH TeMneparype |
B |
MarHHT· |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
u |
HHnYI\lUH1, cooTBeTcTBYIOIUHX TOtIHe |
v |
Ha |
J.I.uarpa:vIlvle |
COCTOHHHH,. |
|||||||||||||||
HOH |
/\ |
||||||||||||||||||||
TO |
CBepxnpOBO,ZUL'\IOCTb 1\10- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
)ReT 6blTb HapymeHa Harpe- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ta[/iUl{O 7-4 |
|||||||||||
BOM (nepexoJJ, Qepe3 I<pHBj'IO |
|
|
|
H€KOTOPbIX |
cnepxnpoBo.ll.HHlHjEblX |
||||||||||||||||
PQ B TOq]{e Y), nOBbIIlJeEHEM |
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
MaTepna.nOB |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
MarHHTHOH lfHJI.YKUIl!! (nepe- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
XOJI. |
qepes |
KpHByID |
PQ |
B |
|
CF€pxnpOEoAIl HKH |
|
|
T co' |
K |
|
|
|
||||||||
TOqKe Z), |
a TaK}Ke B o6meM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
CJ1yQae |
H |
o;J.HoBpeMeHHhIM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
H3MeHeHHeM KaK T, TaK H B, |
3.1eMeHTi1pH bIe: |
|
|
|
|
0,14 |
0,002 |
|
|
||||||||||||
4TO |
nepeBoJJ.HT |
MaTepnan |
|
HPH.lI.H~[ |
Ir |
Al |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
AJlIOMHHHl1 |
|
|
|
1,20 |
0,010 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
B |
HOpMaJIhHOe |
COCTOHHHe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
O.lOBO |
Sn |
|
|
|
|
3,70 |
0,031 |
|
|
|||||||||||
(KpHBaH |
PQ |
nepeceKaeTcH |
|
Ihi)IHH |
In |
|
|
|
|
3,40 |
0,030 |
|
|
||||||||
B n1060H ee TOQKe). TaI( l{aK |
|
PTyTb |
Hg |
'" |
|
|
|
4,20 |
0,046 |
|
|
||||||||||
BnepBhle |
|
CTaBUIHe |
H3B€CT- |
|
TaHTe.l |
Ta |
|
|
|
|
4,50 |
0,083 |
|
|
|||||||
|
|
BaHa;ud'lV |
• |
|
|
|
5,30 |
0,130 |
|
|
|||||||||||
HhIMH 3JIeM€HTapHble npo- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
(Elweu Pb |
|
|
|
|
7,20 |
0,080 |
|
|
||||||||||||
BO)l.HHKH |
(qHCTble |
l\'1eT3JJ.7IbI) |
|
HE06Hl1 |
r\b |
|
|
|
|
9,40 |
o,195 |
||||||||||
HMeJIH BeChMa MaJIhle 3H3LJe- |
C10\.. It'" ~ l'l'E',,~ ":i ~ • |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
CI'.'lClB |
50 % I\b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
HHH |
Beo |
(CM. |
pHe. |
7-18 |
H |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
-j- 50 ?/(j |
Ti . . . . |
|
|
8,70 |
12,000 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
7-4), nOnhITI<H TeXHH- |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
Ta6JI. |
|
en.leB |
|
50 % Nb -j- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
l.leCKOrO HCnOJlh30BaHIHI HB- |
|
+ 50 % Zr .... |
|
|
9,50 |
11,000 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
J1eHHH cBepxrrpoBoJJ.IHrocTH |
Cae,] HHeH HH: |
|
|
V sGa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
fa.'IJIIl)I. BaH3)I.H5I |
|
14,00 |
50,000 |
|
|
|||||||||||||||
6bIJIH |
OCTaBJIeHbI |
Ha |
He- |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
CT3HHH,'l, HH06H5I |
NbsSn |
|
18,00 |
22,000 |
|
|
||||||||||||||
CKO.7JbKO |
|
|
necHTlI~r:reTIHl, |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
Nbo,i9 |
(Al o,i5 Geo,2r;) 0,21 |
|
21,00 |
41,000 |
|
|
||||||||||||
BnJIOTh )1.0 |
OTKphITH5i cBepx- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
f
Pi!e. 7-20 |
|
|
Puc, 7-21 |
Puc. 7-20. 3(jxjJeKT |
MafrcHepa-OKCCWpeJlbl1,a: |
||
a - ox.l1aiK,n,acMbJiI |
lllap |
|
113 CBepxnpOBO,J,HHK3 13 |
HOpM3JlbHOM COCT05HIHH, |
nOMew.eHlIblfI B paBHOMep~ |
||
Hoe MarHHTHoe nOlle; 6 - |
|
npn nepexone M3Tcpua- |
|
na mapa H3 HopMaJlbHoro |
COCTOHHHH B CBepxnpo- |
||
BO,lI,51lU,ee MarHHTHoe |
nO.ne |
BbrraJIKHBaeTC51 113 mapa |
nOOBOj(UHKOB C BbfCOKHr..ra
1
3HaT.IeHHHM:H Reo (Civ!. HIUKe).
I(aK |
Ba~HO 1I3 pac. 7-18, |
a TalOKe H3 Ta6JI. 7-4, Me· |
|
TaJ1JIbI |
c 60JIee BbICOKOH Teo |
HMefOT, B 60JIblliHHCTBe C~TJY· qaeB, II 60JIee BbICOKYfO B eo •
Eme OTT.IeTJIHBee 3TO BH;'J,HO Ha pac. 7-19.
B 1933 r. Hei\IeaKHe qHi-
3HKH B. A\allcHep II P. OK-
ceH¢enb~ C~eJI3JIH HOBoe
epyH)],aMeHTaJIbHOe OTKpb!-
Puc. |
7-21. OnbIT B. |
K. |
|
|
|
|
|
THe: OliH 06Hapy)KILTIH, |
qro |
||||||
ApK3)I,beBa |
C |
«BHCHllJ,HM |
CBepxnpOBO)],HHKH npH |
ne- |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
MarHUTOM» |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pexoJJ,e |
H3 |
HopMaJlbHoro |
||||||
J - |
MartHIT. |
2 - qaWKa 113 CBepxnpOBoJJ.HllKOBoro |
Ma- |
||||||||||||
B |
CBepxnpOBo,n5Hu.ee |
co- |
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
Tepl1aJla |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
e. |
|
CTOHHHe |
CT3HOB5ITC5I |
HAC- |
|||||
aJIbHbIMH |
;I,HaMarHeTHKaMH, |
T. |
HX |
OTHOCHTevTIbHaH |
MarHHTHaH |
||||||||||
npOHH1WCMOCTb |
~tr |
(CM. CTp. |
14) |
CKalIKO\I |
na;~aeT |
OT |
KOHerUlblX |
||||||||
3HatIeIIHfI, |
AJI51 |
no,naBJI5IIOllI,erO |
60JIbllIIIHCTBa |
cBepXnpOBO}~Hl1KOB, |
|||||||||||
BeCbM3 6JIH3KHX |
K |
I, 11,0 3HaIIeHIHJ |
~tr |
= |
O. D03TO:VlY BHemHee MarHHT- |
Hoe nOJIe He MOllieT |
npOHHKaTb B CBepxnpOBOJJ,5IUl,ee TeJ10 (pHC. 7-20); |
|||
eCJII1 t!{e nepexoJl, 3Toro TeJIa B |
cBepxnpoBoJJ,HI1.I-ee |
COCTOHHHe npoH30rueJI |
||
B MarHHTHOM no.n:e, |
TO nOJIe |
«BbITaJIKHBaeTCHI> |
lI3 |
CBepxnpOBo,nHHKa. |
3'1'OT3~pepeK'1' 6bIJI npOJleMOHCrpHpOBaH B 1935 |
r. |
B. K. ApKa)l,beBbIM |
B ero 3H3MeHHTO?vl ODblTe C BHC5HIVIM MarHHTOM. Kor,na MarHHT 1 (pHC. 7-21)
onycKCHoT B LJamKy H3 HaXO;'lJm~erOCH B cBepXnpoBOJUII1.I-C.\l COCTOHHHH MaTepHaJI3 2, 3TOT MaffIHT OTT3JIKHBaeTC5I OT qaillKH H OCTaeTCH B ypaB·
HOBemeHHOM COCTOHHHII B B03lJ,yxe, He KaCa5ICb qalllKH. AHaJIOrlJl.IHO
MO>i(HO 3acraBHTb CBepx npOBOJVIllJ,ee Te,no BHceTb HajJ, nOBepx HOCTbfO Mar· HHTa. B 50-x rO,lJ,ax Hamero CTO,TJeTHH 6bLlIH OTKpbITbI HOBbIe CBepxnpOBOAHHKH, npell,CTaBJIHlOliUle c060ii YlKe He t.IHCTble MeT aJI,lIbI, a cnJ1aBbI HJIH
XmvH14eCIOle coe/LIIHeHH5L 3TH caepxnpOBO,J.HHKH B OTJIlltIlIe OT QHC'TbIX CBepx npOBOjl,IUII<OBbfX l\reTrJJ1.J10B (csepxnpOBOdfiUKOB J poCJa) , Ha3BaHHbIe ceepxnpoBoiJHUKCLlIU II poDa, 06vTIa)J,aIOT PHl!.OM oco6eHHocTei1. DepeXO.:l
H3 HOPM3JIbHOrO B CBepxnpOBO)J,HI1.I-ee COCTOHHHe npH OXJIa)t{)1-erIIHI y HHX npOHCXOlJ,HT He CKaqKOM (KaK y cBepXnpOBO,LLHHKOB I pO,LLa) , a nOCTeneUHO; y HHX cymecTByeT npoMell<yTOlJHOe COCT05IHHe (<<¢a33 A. H. UlaJlbHH-
KOBa») MelKay IHDKHHM Bel Ii BepXHHl'\'lB C2 3H3l IeHIUIMH KpHTtFleCKOH
MarHHTHOII HHayKuHH I1epexolJ,a LI,JIH 3HaQeHU(r TeMnepaTyp T < Teo. B npOMe)1{yTOQHOM COCT05IHHH CBepxnpOBO~HMOCTbnpn nOCTOHHHOM Ha-
npSItKeHHH COXpaU51eTCH, T. e. p = 0, HO 3¢¢eKT N\aHCHepa-OKceH- ¢e,TIb)~a-ApKa,LLbeB3 BblpaMeH He nO.TIHOCTbfO, T. e. OTHOCHTeJIbI-Ia H ~I/[ar
HHTHaH npOHHuae:VIOCTb CBepXnpOBOlJ,I-IHKa IJ"r > 0; npB B03JJ,erICTBHH
Ha CBepxnpOBOB,HHK nepeMeHHoro HanpHfI{eHIHI B HeM Ha6JIiDJJ,31OTCH He· KOTophIe nOTepH 3HcprHH H T. n. KpOl'vle Toro, CBOrICTS3 CBepxnp030rlJ,-
HHKOB I I polI,a B 60JlbUJofI CTenCHlI 3aBBCRT OT TeXI-IOJ10fHIIeCKoro pC}KHMa U3rOTOBJIeHIUI H T. n.
208
Puc. 7-22. )luarpaMMbI COCTOiHWH |
cBepXnp013o,;1,HHKfI |
D7 rqr -~- |
|
|||||||
II pOJJ.a - |
CTaHHH,ll3 |
l-lHofhm |
Nb3Sn |
(KpuBble 1 II 2) |
H |
Berlf~"v'7;'-'~",,-,-_I |
|
|||
|
|
I |
|
CBHHI~a |
Pb (KPI1S3H |
3) |
|
|||
cBepxnpoBO,lJ.HHKa |
P0,lJ,3 - |
10 ~""'7"..,...,,,,.,r,..r;~..,..-j |
||||||||
113 qHCTbIX |
~leTa,TUIOB K CBepxnpOBOJJ,HHKaM |
|
|
|
||||||
II IO()~3-.. |
OTHOCHTC5I |
JIIfHIb |
HiIO{)lI f! Nb, BaHall,H. |
H |
|
|
|
|||
V II TeXHelLHH |
Te. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Ha pHC. 7-22 npenCTaBJ12H3 |
;J,HarpaMl'vIa co- |
|
|
|
||||||
CTOHHHH |
THnW·!HOrO cBepXnpOBO]HIHK3 I I |
po- |
10-2 r---"IIt'---+--:----ll't--f |
|||||||
.ll.a -- HHTepMeT3JIJHIlJeCKOrO COe,IU1HeHHH, CTClU- |
|
|
T |
|||||||
HHJI.a HH06HH |
l\Jb:~Sn. KPUB3H 1 JI.3eT 3HalJeHHH |
fO-3 1 - ._ - 1 --- :& --- '__--1----1.-1 |
||||||||
Beol , KpI1BaH 2 -JHatIeHH5I B C02; 3aWTpHXOBaHa |
0 |
Ii |
15 /( |
|||||||
|
' |
|
||||||||
06JIaCTb |
npOMe)KyTOlJHOrO COCTOHHIUI. JVI51 |
CO- |
|
|
|
nOCTaBJIeHHH 3,QeCb me npHBelLeHa JI.HarpaMMa COCTOHHHH )VIH THnHqHOrO
cBepxnpoBo,QHHK3 |
I |
P0,Q3 - |
CBllHua Pb |
(KpHBaH |
3 |
aHaJl0rHQHa |
)1.Ha- |
|
rpaMl'vtaM COCTOHHHH |
cBepXnpOBO}I,HHKOB |
I po.n;a, |
H306pa:meHHblx |
Ha |
||||
pHC. 7-17 H 7-18). |
|
|
|
I I |
|
|
|
|
OKa3aJIOCb, 41'0 HeKOTopble cBepxnpoBOJUIHKH |
pO,IJ.a |
06JlajI,aIOT |
||||||
He TOJIbKO cpaBHHTCJlhHO BbICOKHMH 3HatIeI·HIHMH T e' |
HO, tITO |
OCOOeHHO |
||||||
Ba}KHO, H BeCbMa |
BbICOKHMH |
3HaqeHHHMH |
Be. 3TO |
BbI3Bano nOHB..TIeHHe |
60JIbLUOrO llHTepeca K CBepxnpOBOJJ,HHKaM; B HaCTOHmee BpeMH npo6.. neMa CBepxnpOBOJJ.HMOCTH H ee TeXHHqeCKOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH HBJIHeTCH OJI.HOn H3 HaHoonee aKTyanbHNx npo6neM COBpeMeHHoA HayKH II TexHHKH.
llJIH CBepxnpOBOlLHHKOB II pOj\a B TaOJI. 7-4 B KaqeCTBe Bco 2J,3HO
BepXHee KpWfHtIeCKOe 3HaqeHHe B('01'
~I3 pe3YJIbT3TOB HCCJle)~OBaHaii nOCJIe,Ll.HHX JIeT B 06JlaC1'H CBepx ..
npOBO,Ll.HMOCTH Ba/KHO OTivleTHTb OTKpbITHe Toro, qTO I10MIIMO nOHH)KeHH){
TeMnepaTypbI I10HBJIetUHO CBepxnpOBO,l'lHMOCTH crroc06cTByeT H nOBblilIe.. HHe .I~8.B}IeHHH; y HeKOTopbTX BeLILeCTB, He nepeXO,QHLlVIX npH HOpMaJIb~
HOM .naBJIeHHH B CBepXI1pOBO):I,5HILee COCTOHHHe, YlLa.rIOCb 06napym:rITb cBPpXrrpOBOJI.HMOCTb npn B03JI,e:t1cTBHI1 Ha BemecTBo BbICOKoro rHl~pocTa..
Tlfl-IeCKOrO |
.rr,3BJIeHH5L |
YCTaHOBJIeHbI II.allie cBepx I1pOBOJUHLI,He cBoikTBa |
||||
He TOJIbKO |
y |
BemeCTB, |
HBJIHlOLlT,HXCH rrpn HOpMaJIbHbIX YC~10BH51X opo- |
|||
BOJI.HHKaMH (npelli1J.e Bcero y MeTaJI.TIOB, CI1JIaBOB MeTaJIJIOB If HHTepMeTaJI· |
||||||
JIHqeCKHX |
COe)lHHeHHH), HO H |
Y nOJIynpOBOJI.HHKOB (HanpHMep, y aHTII.. |
||||
MOHI1JI.3 HH~HH InSb - |
CM. CTp. 263, KOTOpbIH HMeeT TeMfIepaTypy cBepx .. |
|||||
npoBo)J,HUI..ero nepexoJI.a Tc OKOJIO |
5 K npH ;':LaBJ1eHIHI OKOJIO 30 |
rna). |
||||
B Vh-ICTHTyTe BbICOKHX JI.aBuleHHA AKa,LT,eMHH HayK CCCP OTKpbITa cBepx~ |
||||||
npOBoJI.llMOCTb |
y cepbI |
(Te = |
9,7 |
K) H KceHOHa (Tc = 6,8 K). |
|
|
UorvIHMO cBepxnpoBo,QHHKOBbIX |
3JIeWrpOMarHHToB, KOTopble |
B Ha- |
CTOHU1-ee BpeM51 npoH3Boj(HTCH B 60~1bIlIOM KO.rIHqeCTBe II npHMeHHlOTC5I ,lI.JIH caMblX pa3Hoo6pa3Hblx UeJIeH, MOMHO OTMeTHTb B03I",fOJKHOCTH HCnOJIb30SaHHH cBepxnpoBo,QHHKOB lI,JIH C03.n;aUHH 3JIeKTpHqeCKHX MalIIHH, TpaHC(pOpMaTopo3 H TO!vfy nO,lJ,06HbIX yCTporlcTB Ma~TIOH MaCChI H ra6aprr-
TOB, !-IO C BbICOKHM KIlU; JIHHHH 3JIeKTpOnepeJI.aQH BeCbMa 60JIbIIIHX MOIL~. HOCTeH Ha J{;L1blme paccToHHHH; BO~TIHOBO,QOBC ocooo MaJIbIM 3aTyxaHHe:vr:
HaKOnHTeJIeJ'I3HepnIH H np. HeKoTopble yCTpoi'IcTBa naMHTH H ynpaBJl:> HHH OCHOBbIBarDTCH Ha nepexoJJ,e cBepxnpoBoJI.HHK3 B cBepXnpOBOll.HllJ,.ee HJIM HOpMaJIbHOe COCTOHHHe npH H3MeHeHHH MarHHTHoH HH,QyKUHH (CHJIbI
209
TOKa) HJIH TeMoepaTypbI. 3ep¢eKT AtaHcHepa -OKceHq;e.1bJl,a-ApKa)lb-
eBa MO)l{eT HcnO.7Ih30B3TbCH B pa60TalOI..UHX npaKTHqeCKH 6e3 TpeHIHl
nO,LllllHnHHKax C «MarHHTHOH CMa3Koii» (B3aHMHbIM OTTa.T1KHBaHHeM BaJIa
H nO,LlWHnHHKa), .ll.JIH \1arHHTHoii nO,LlBeCKH BarOHOB CBepXCKopOCTHoro
)KeJle3HO,Ll0p0)l{HOrO TpaHcnopTa H T. n.
B HaCTOSlI..Uee BpeMSl AJISl H3fOTOB.7IeHHH OOMOTOK CBepx npOBOJl,HHKOBhIX
EweKTpOMarHHTOB H ,Llpynlx TeXHHlieCKHX ILeJIeH npHMeH5HOTCSl fJIaBHbIM 06pa30M JI.Be rpynnbI MaTepHaJIOB: 1) cpaBHHTeJIbHO JIerKO ,neepopMHpy-
eMble |
Ca,YKTlIJIbHble), H3 KOTOpbIX B03MO)l{HO H3rOTOBJIeHHe npOBOJIOK |
||
II |
.TIeHT (TaKoBhI, B qaCTHOCTH, CnJIaBbI B CHCTeMax Nb-Zr H Nb-Ti, |
||
a |
TaK)I{e qHCTbIH HH06HH); 2) Tpy)lHO nO)l)lafOllLHeC5I )le(pOpMaU.IHIM lI3- |
||
3a |
x pynKocTH |
(TaKoBbI, B qaCTHOCTH, HHTepMeT3JI.7IHQeCKHe coe,ilJIHeHJUI |
|
THna |
Nb3Sn H |
aHa.7IOrHQHble eMY). OpOBO)la 1I3 CTaHHHJI.a HHOOHH 06bI- |
QHO nO.7IyqalOTCSl nponycKaHHeM TOHKHX HHo6HeBblx .7IeHT Qepe3 pacn.;laBJIeHHOe OJIOBO C nOCJIe.nYfOI..UeH TepMo06pa60TKoif, npB KOTOpoif CJIOH oceBwero Ha JIeHTe O.TIOBa BCTynaeT B XHMHQeCKYIO peaKUHIO C HH06HeM; TaKHe JIeHTOQHWe npOBO)la 06.7IanaIOT .n.OCTaTOQHOH rH6KOCTbIO. qacTo
CBepXnpOBO,ll.HMKOBble npOBo.na nOKpbIBaIOTCSl «cTa6H,lIH3HpyIOII.I.eH» 060-
JIOqKOH M3 MeAH HJIM .nPyroro, 06JIa.naIOllJ,erO BbICOKHMM y,lI.e.J1bHoi% 3JleKTpHqeCKOH npOBO,LlHMOCTbIO II K03<p¢HUHeHToM TenJIOnpOBo,nHOCTII, MeTa.TI.na 11.7111 CnJIaBa; 3TO .naeT B03MOiKHOCTb H36e)KaTb 60JIbWOrO neperpeBa
H·nOBpeM)leHHH CBepXnpOB01.l,HHKa npH HapyweHHH CBepxnpOBo.nIIMOCTM B OT~eJIbHbIX yqaCTKaX npOBO,LJ,a. DOJlee Toro, BeCbMa pacnpOCTprureHbI
MHOrOBOJIOKOHHble npOBOjJ,a, B KOTOphIX 60JIbWOe QHCJIO TOHKIIX, HHTeBHJlHblX CBepXnpOBO,LJ,HHKOI3bIX npOBOJIOqeK 3aKJIIOqeHO B MaCClIBHYIO MaTpHu.y 1I3 Me)l,H HJIH 6POH3hI; TaKHe npOBo.na )l,OnycKalOT 3HaqHTe.TIbHO
60.'1bWyIO n.7IOTHOCTh TOKa, qeM 60JIee TOJICTble npOBO.7IOKH lIJIH JIeHThI 113 Toro me CBepXnpOBO)lHHKOBOro MaTepHa.7Ia.
bOJIblllMHCTBO H3BeCTHbIX caepXnpOBO,lI,HHKOB, .name H CBepxnpoBO,LJ,HHKOB I I po.na, HMeeT Bce IKe BeCbMa HH3KYIO TeMnepaTypy nepe- xo.na T e• D03TOMY yCTpoHcTBa, B KOTOpbIX HCnOJIb3yeTcH HBJIeHHe cBepxnpOBOJUIMOCTH, 06hIQHO pa60TaIOT npn OXJIa:tK.neHHH )iGi,UKliM reJlHeM,
liTO CJIO)l{HO H .noporo. bbIJIO 6bl |
HeI1Jl0XO HMeTb CBepXnpOBO,ll.HHKlI c T c |
|
Bblwe |
TeMnepaTypbI C)i{lDKeHHSl |
BO'u'OpO.na(20,3 K) MJIM, reM 60JIee, |
B brUle |
TeMnep aTypbI CIKIUKeHHSl |
a30Ta (77,4 K). COBepweHHO HCKJIlOlJH- |
1e.J1bHhre B03MO:tKHOCTH AaJIll 6bI MaTcpHa.lIbI, coxpaHHloillJle COCT05lHMe
cBep xnpoBoAHMOCTH npM HOpMaJIhlIOII HJIH eine 60,TIee BbICOKHX TeMnepaTypax. Hau60JIee BblCOKYIO Teo li3 Bcex H3BeCTHbiX 3JleMeHTapHbIX fBepXnpOBO,LJ,HUKOB HI\leeT HH06HH, a H3 Bcex lllHpOKO npHMeHHeMblx -
CTaHHH,LJ, HH06IHI Nb 3Sn. I1MeIOTcH CBe,LJ,eHHH 0 |
nOJIyqeHHU MaTepHa.loB |
|
(B lJ3CTHOCTH, B CHCTeMax Nb - Ge H Nb |
-- Ge - |
AI) co 3HaqeHHeM Teo, |
JJpeBblwaIOI..UHM TeMnepaTyPY C)J(M)KeHHH |
BOAopo,lI,a, II K TOMY )l{e C Bbleo- |
EHM 3HaqeHHeM B eo . B HaCTOSlmee BpeMSl (H3 eme He BHCJJ.peHHbIX B npotubfilIJ1eHHOe npOH3Bo.nCTBO) CBepxnpOBOAHHKOBbIX MaTepaaJIOB HaHBbICwee 3Haqey-me Teo (OKOJIO 23 K) HMeeT NbGe, a H3HBblcwee 3HaqeHHe B eo
(OKO.lIO 60 TJI) - Gdo 2Pblvl06S6'
OOHCKH |
«TenJIblX» cBepxnpOBo.nHHKOB yCHJIeHHO npoAO~TJ)KalOTcH. |
B qaCTHOCTH, |
6oJIhillOli HHTepec HMeeT (nOKa He nO,UTBep}l{,.ReHHoe &l\cne- |
pHMeHTaJIbHO) TeopeTH4eCKoe B~CKa38BaHMe 3Ka,n,. rHH36ypra
210
o TOM, tITO {(MeTaJlJIHqeCKHii» BO.n,OpOJI. (KOTOpblff npe.n,no,naraeTC5I nOJlY-
qHTh H3 OOhlqHOrO TBep.n.oro BO,lJ.opO,lJ.a, HMeEOw,ero TeMnepaTypy nJIaBJle· HIBI npH HOpMaJIbHOM .n.aBJIeHHH OKOJIO 14 K, nocpe.n.CTBOM B03JI.eHCTBI'H Ha Hero qpe3BbIQaHHO BhICOKoro rUjJ,pOCTaTHQeCKOro jJ,aBJIeHHH) MO)K2T Haxo.n.HThC5I B CBepXnpOBO,lJ.HUI,eM COCTOHHHH npB TeMnepaTypax, paBHbiX
.n.eCHTKaM H |
jJ,a:iKe COTHHM KeJIbBHHOB. |
B C031la rme |
||||
|
TeopHH |
CBepXnpOBO,lJ.HMOCTH IICKlIIOQIITe.'1bHO CJIOlliHa; |
||||
3TOn TeopHH OCHOBHOH BKJIa,U BHeCJIH COBeTCKue yqeHble -.n. 11. JlaH- |
||||||
.ll.ay, H. H. 50rOJII06oB, B. |
n. fHH36ypr, A. A. A6p-HKOCOB, JI. n. [Opb· |
|||||
KOJ |
H .ll.pynle, |
a TaK)Ke |
yqeHble |
3apyoCiKHbIX cTpaH - |
n. 5apAHH, |
|
n. |
Kynep, 11.. |
IllpIHpepep |
Ii Jl.pynI2. |
no COBpeNTe HHbiM npejJ,CTaBJIeHIi 511\1 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
'"' |
|
B OCHOBe HBJleHHH CBepXnpOBOJlHMOCTH JIe)f{HT oopa30BaHHe CBH33UHbIX |
nap 3J1eKTpOHOB (<<KyI1epOBCKIIX I1ap»); TaK3H I1apa He MOfKeT BbljJ,eJIHTb 3HepnHO Ma.TlbIMH jJ,03aMH, TaK qTO 06bIY:Hble AfKoy.TJeBbI nOTepH MOI.U.HO· CTH, l(OTophle Ha6JIIOJl.3lOTCH B l\leTaJIJIaX npH HOP,\WJlbHhIX yCJIOBHHX,
3.LI.eCb yJKe He HMelOT MeCTa. Pa3bell,H HeHHe aCCOUHH pOBaHHbIX B KynepoBCKyfO napy 3.1eKTpOHOB npB I10BbIll1emilI Te~.mepaTypbI lUlU MarHHTHO(1
'"' u
HHJlYKI.I.HH npe.ll.CTaBJI5IeT COOOH HapyweHHe CBepXnpOBOll,HMOCTI1, T. e. <j>a30BbIH nepexo.ll. CBepxnpOBOAHHKa H3 CBepXnpOBOjI,Hw,ero COCTOHHHH
B HOpMaJlhHoe. OTMeqaeTCH rJIy60KaH aHaJIOfUH B qH13Ut.IeCKOll cyw.· HOCTH HBJ1eHHH CBepXnpOBO)I.llMOCTH 11 HBJIeHIHI CBepxTeKyqeCTIf, OTKpbIToro n. .n. KanHuefi y .lKHJI.Koro reJIllH - II H TeopeTHlleCKH 060CHOBaHHoro tTl. n. J1aH)J.ay.
KpHonpoBo;J,HHKU. nOM HMO HBJ1eHHH CBepXnpOBOJI.HMOCTH, B CORpe·
MeH.HOH 3JleKTpOTeXHHKe Bee WHpe liCnOJIb3yeTcH 5IB.JIeHHe KpllonjJ0800u·
JdOClntt (fIpe)KHee Ha3BaHHe - ranepnpOBOJl..HMOCTb), T. e. jJ,OCTllrt<eI-Hle
MeTaJIJIaMH BeCbMa MaJIOrO 3HaqeHH5I YJl..eJIbHoro conpOTHBJIeHHH OpH KplioreHHbIX TeMnepaTypax (HO 6e3 nepeXOJl..a B CBepxnpOBO)J.Hw,ee COCT05IHHe). Iv\eTaJIJIbI, 06JIa,1I.aIOlUHe TaKHM CBOliCTBOM, Ha3bIBalOTCH
Kpuonpo8oiJHUKQ,HU.
OqeBH)l.HO, qTO cPH311l-IeCKaH CYUUIOCTb KpHonpOllOJl,HMOCTH He CX01UIa C cpH3HlIeCKofi CYI..U.HOCTbIO HB.neHHH CBepXnpOBOJl,HMOCTH. KPHOI1POBOJ~H
MOCTh - qaCTHbIH CJIyqafl HOpMa"TJbI-lOH 9JI21npOnpOBOJU10CTH I\';.eT3JI.7!03 B yCJIOBHHX KpHoreHH~X TeMnepaTyp.
BeCbMa MaJIOe, HO Bce )l{e KOHetIHOe 3HaqeHHe p KpHonpOBO)1.HIfKOB OrpaHHQUBaeT AonycTHMylO nJIOTHOCTb TOKa B HHX, XOTH 3Ta nJIOTHOCTb MO)KeT 6bITh Bce LKe ropa3,LI.O BbJure, qeM B 06bIQHbIX l\IeTaJl"TIlJqeCKUX npOBO)J.HHKax npH I10PM3JIhHOH HJIH nOBbIweHHOH TeMnepaType. Kpao- npOBOAHHKH, y KOTOpbIX npH 1I3MeHeHHH Tei\lI1epaTypbI B WllpOKOM
.n.Hana30He p MeHHeTCH nJIaBHO, 6e3 CKalIKOB, He MoryT HCnOJIb30B3Tbcn B yCTpoi1CTB3X, Jl,ellCTBHe KOTOpbIX OCHOBaHO Ha TpHrrepHOM 3epepeKTe B03HHKHOBeHHH H HapyweuHH CBepXnpOBO)l.HMOCTH (HanpHlvlep, B CBepxnpOBO,lJ.HHKOBbIX 3anOMHHalOlll.HX YCTPo~IcTBax). He oOHapY}KHB310TCH
npH KpnorrpoBo.ll.HMOCTH |
H .ll.pyrue, cneUHeplPlecKHe .ll.JIH CBepxnpOBOrl.· |
HH KOB HBJIeHHH I TaKHe |
KaK 3tPcPeKT Iv\afIcHepa - OKceHepeJIbJl.3 H ,Up. |
npHMeHeHHe KpHOnpoBo.ll.HHKOB BMeCTO cBepXnpOBo,lJ.HHKOB B 3JIeK· TplFleCKHX MaWIIHax, annapaTax H ,lJ.pyrHx 3JIeKTpOTeXHUqeCKHX yCTpOf!· CTBax MOLKeT HMeTh CBOH npeHMyIlJ,eCTBa. I1cnOJIb30B3HHe B KaqeCTBe XJIa)J.areHTa LKH,lI,Koro BOjI.opO,L(a H.TJII LKH,Ll.KorO a30Ta (BMeCTO lliHAKoro
211
Ir1}(OM·M |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PHe. 7-23. |
Te!\.mepaTYPHble |
|
S3BlICU- |
||||||||
sOv· |
mr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MOCTH P KpHonpOBO,II.HHKOB |
|
oe- |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 n l' |
- |
Me~b; |
2 n 2' - |
aJIlOMllHlll'1; 3 |
- |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pUJIJlHii (CfIJIOWHhle KpHBbie OTHOCSl.Tcn |
J{ oeo- |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
f)o 'lUCThlM |
MeTaJI.J!Cll\I. |
a |
illTPHXOBhle - |
K |
|||||||
101:------ |
|
r----r |
|
-f--A--4 |
06blt HlhlM |
npQBOAHHKaM - |
MeAH |
H amOI\tlJ- |
|||||||||||||
|
|
HlHO). |
CTpeJlKaMH |
OTMeqeHbl |
TeMnepaTyphI |
||||||||||||||||
5t------+---.I'-+--I-----I |
|
C)KJ1)l{tHHH a30Ta |
If |
BO)I.opo):\a |
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
reJHUf, |
|
KOTOpbll1 |
|
3HatIHTeJIbHO |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,D,Opome |
npyrux |
XJIa)l.areHTOB) |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ynpOIJ.J.3eT II YAemeBJIHeT BblI10JI- |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HeHHe TenJIOBOIl H30JI5IUHH yc- |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TpOllcTB3 |
11 |
YMeHbillaeT |
paCXo)l |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MOIJ.J.HOCTH Ha OXJIalli)J.eHHe. KpoMe |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TarO, |
B |
CBepXnpOBO,lI.HI.UeM |
KOH- |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Type c 60JlblUHM TOKOM HaKa- |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
nJil'maeTCH 60.HbUloe |
KOJIHQeCTBO |
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3HepnUI MarHHTHoro nOJIH, paB- |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hoe |
L/2/2 |
,ll)K |
(L |
- |
IHIAyKTHB- |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HOCTb, |
[H; |
I |
- |
TOK, |
A). |
npH |
|||||
CJIyqaHHOM nOBblilleI-IlHI TeMnepaTypbI HJIH MarHIiTHOH |
HH,nyKUHH CBbIIlle |
3HaQeHHM, COOTBeTcTByIOW,HX nepexo.LLY CBepxnpOBOAHHKa B HOpM3JIhHOe COCT05JHHe XOTH 6hl B M3.110H QaCTH cBepxnpoBolI,5IIJ.J.ero KOHTypa, cBepx-
npOBOAHMOCTb 6YAeT HapymeI-w, qTO npHBe.n.eT K Bue3anHOMY OCBo60)K-
.n.eHHlO 60JIhWOro KOJIHQeCTBa 3Heprl1IL llJIH KpHonpOBO,IJ,5lIueI1 II,enH TaKon onaCHOCTH ReT, TaR KaK nOBblweHHe TeMnepaTypbl MO)KeT nOBJIeQb 3a
C060H JIHillb nocreneHHoe, nJIaBI-IOe YBeJIIIIieHHe conpOTHBJIeHHH.
JlJI51 Toro llT06bl npeACTaBHTb ce6e, CI<O.Tlb |
MaJlbIM l\.10)KeT 6hITb yneJIb- |
Hoe COnpOTlIBJIeHHe KpHonpOBOJJ,HHKa upn |
pa6oQei1 TeMnepaType no |
cpaBHeHHlO C ero yJI,eJIbHbIM COnpOTllBJH:~mlei'v1 npH I-WpMaJIbHOH TeMnepaType, JI,OCTaTOtIHO paCCMOTpeTb pHC. 7-23, H3 KOTOpOM B 6HJIOraplH.jJMM-
'leCKOM MaClllTa6e nOKa3aHO H3MeHeHHe YAe.nbHoro conpOTHBJleHlHl KaK <pyHKUHH TeMnepaTypbI AJIH ABYX npaKTHQeCKM HaH60JIee Ba}KHhIX npOBOAHHKOBblX MeTaJ1JIOB - MeJJ,H H aJIIOMHHH51, a T3K)Ke AJlH 6epHJl-
JlH51. KaK BUAHO, Ha1I6oJIblllHH HHTepec AJIH npHMeHeHIHI B KatIeCTBe KpuorrpoBoAHHKoBoro M8TepHa.na npeACT3BJI5IlOT co6ofI: npH TeMnepa-
Type fKHJJ,Koro BOAopO,Il.a - aJIlOMHHHH, a npH TeMnepaType JKH)I.Koro
8301'a - 6epUJVIHI1.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npOOJIeMa BhI60pa OIITHM3.lIbHOrO (1'. e. HMelOl.1J,ero
npH pa60QeH TeMnepaType Hal1MeHbWee y.n.eJIbHOe conpOTHBJ1eHHe npH HaUJIytIWHX Apyrl1X TeXHHKO-3KOHOMlitIeCKHX nOKa3aTeJ15lX) KplIonpOBOJJ,-
HHKOBoro MaTepnaJIa |
CBOJJ,HTC51 |
B OCHOBHOM K CJIe.n.yIOmeMY: npHMeHHTh |
" |
" |
u |
JIerKO JI,OcTynHbII1 H |
.n.erneBblH |
3JIlOMHHlIH H nOJIytIUTb HaHMeHhlllee |
B03MOlliHoe ,Il.JI5I KpHonpoBO,ll,HHKa 3HatIeHHe yJJ,eJIbHoro conpOTHBJ!eHIHI, JIO nOHTH H8 HCnOJlb30B8HHe )J.JI5I OXJI8}K,n:eHH51 yCTpoHcTBa )KHJlKorO BO.D,Opo.ua, 4TO Bce )Ke Tpe6yeT npeO,ll,OJIeHHH HeKOTopbIX 3aTpY.LLHCH1Iii:
H, B qaCTHOCrH, Heo6xo,ll,HMOCTH yqeTa B3pbIBoonaCHOCTlI BO,U0P0,llOB03)l.YIlJHOI1 CMeCH; I1.TIH )J{e npHMeHHTb 60JIee .uoporoH, ,neqmu,HTHbIH,
CJIO)KHblfI B TeXHOJIOrHQeCKOM OTl-IOWeHHH 6eplUIJIHi1, HO 3aTO HCnOJIb30B3Tb B KaqeCTBe XJIanareHTa 60JIee )l.erueBblH 11 JlerKO ,nOCTyUHhIH )I{H,UKHH a30T H TeM C81'v1bIMYMeHbIllHTb 33TpaTbI T\10llJ,HOCTH H3 OXJIa)K)l.eHHe •
.... '0
|
Bo |
BCeX |
Cti1Y43HX |
)J}UI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ta6Allt{a ,7-5 |
||||||
nOJIV4eHIUI |
|
BbICOKOKatIe- |
H3MeHeHi1e YAeslbHom conpOTHBJIeHHH amOMlIHHSI |
||||||||||||||||
|
oJ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
CTBeHHbIX |
KplIOnpOBO)1,HH- |
|
|
|
|
pa3JJWmOH lfMCTOThI |
|
|
|
||||||||||
KOB |
Tpe6yIOTcH |
HCKJlfOtIH- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
TeJIbHO |
|
BbICOKaH |
|
4HCTOTa |
|
BH~ Oopa3u.a |
|
4UCTO- |
|
|
|
||||||||
MeT3.71,l13 |
(OTCyTcTBHe |
npI{- |
|
|
Ta, |
% |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
MecefI) H . OTCyTcTBHe Ha- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
XOJIO,UHOTHHyThliI npoBo,n |
\\99,5 |
|
|
41 |
|
||||||||||||||
KJIena |
|
(OTO)fOKeHHOe |
CO- |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
CTOHHHe). BpeJLHOe BJIH5IIHle |
OToJIuKeHHbul |
npOBO)\ |
• . |
99,5 |
|
|
57 |
|
|||||||||||
1'0)!(e |
•••••••• |
I99,99 |
I |
690 |
|
||||||||||||||
npuMeceft |
(31'0 |
HCHO |
113 |
|
|||||||||||||||
» |
|
|
|
• . . |
• . |
99,997E |
1100 |
|
|||||||||||
CpaBHeHHH |
rpa¢HKoB |
1 c |
» |
|
|
|
• . • . . |
99,9992 |
|
2400 |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
l'II 2 C |
2' Ha |
pHC. 7-23) |
I10)lBeprHYTbllr |
30HHOrJ |
|
|
|
2700 |
|
||||||||||
H |
HaKJIena |
|
Ha |
YAeJIhHOe |
nJI3BKe |
|
|
. . . . |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
CBCPX4IICTbIH, |
|
I1o.:1yIJeH- |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
conpOTHBJIeHHe |
MeT3JIJIOB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
HbU1: |
B |
na6opaTopHhlX |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>6000 |
|
||||||
npH |
KpHoreHHblx |
TeMnepa- |
ycnoHHRX |
• |
• . • |
• . |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Typax |
Bhlpa)-l{eHO |
3H3411"- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
TeJIbHO |
60Jlee |
ClI/IbHO, |
Qel'vl |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
npH |
HOPM3JIbHoi'r |
TeMnepaType. |
OTIIOWeHHe |
p |
npH |
TeivlnepaType |
300 K K r npli 20 K JLJ1H P33lIllqHbiX no 4HCTOTe M3TepH3JIOB a.rllOMHHHeBhlX npoBo,t~OB npHBeJ~eHo B Ta6JI.
7-4. PA3nHlfHblE MET Annbl
BOJlbCppaM - 4pe3BhItulifHO TH)Ke~1hIil TBep)U:>If:l |
MeT3.Jl.TJ ceporo IJ,BeTtl. |
|
yh Bcex |
MeTa.rUIOB OH o6vT}a~aeT HaH60.,TIee BbICOKOf-1 TeMnepaTypoH n,n3- |
|
BJIeHHH |
(eM. 1'a6<11. 7-1). BOJIb¢paM nO.TIytIalOT |
H3 py ~ paSJlntIHOro |
COCTaBa; npOMe)l(YTo4HhIM npoJLyKToM fIB.llHeTC5J BOJIbCppaMoB3H IG1C.JlOTa
H2W04 , 113 KOTOPO}! BOCCTaHOBJIeHHeM BO)),OpOJJ,OM npM HarpeBe )),0 900°C nO.llY4aeTcH MeTa,;1,;1lflleCIO! fl BO.1bq-JpaM B BH,ne MeJI Koro nopoIllK3. vb
3Toro nopoIllKa npH BbICOI{OM JLaB.1eHHH npeccYlOT cTepnuuI, KOTopble rrO,lI,BepralOT CJ10)KHOH TepMH4ecKoH o6pa6oTKe B aTMocepepe BOJJ,opOJl,a (BO H36emaHMe OKHCJIemUJ), KOBKe H BOJl0lJeHHIO B npOBOJIOKy ,H.HaMeTpoM )),0 0,01 MM, npoKaTKe B JIHCTbI Ii T. D. n,TIH BO,TIhepparVIa xapaKrepHa
CJIa6aH CB5I3aHHOCTb OTAeJlbHbIX KpHCT3,TI.llOB, n03TOMY npH 3epHl1CTOM cTpoeHHH cpaBHHTeJIbHO TOJICTHe BOJIbeppaMoB~e H3AeJIH5J xpynKli H
JIerKO ,;10MaIOTC5I. TIpn MeXaI-UlqeCKOlI o6pa60TKe 1\0BROn H BOJIOqeHHeM
BOJIbtPpaM npHo6peTaeT BOJIOKHHCTyI-O cTpylnypy (pHC. 3THM 06bHCH5IeTC5I rH6KocTb TOHKHX BOJlbfppaMoBbIx HHTetI. C YMeHbmeHHeM TOJIllJ,HHbI BOJIbcPpaMoBoH npOBOJIOKB CHJIbHO B03pacTaeT If ee npeJLeJI
npOtIHOCTll |
npn |
paCT5IMeHHlI |
(OT 500-600 lvUla ).l}IH CTep)KEef'I )~HaMe |
TpOM 5 MM |
.uo |
3000-4000 |
l\1Da )J}I51 TOHRHX IHneH~ OTHOCHTe,TlbHOe |
PMC. 7-24. CxeMa H3JWM3 o6paSI.l.OB BO.1Jbeppall.W; a - 3epHHcToro cTpoerwH; 6 - no·
ROKHHCToro cTpoeHHH
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
~:~~~l |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-+--- |
i---t--- |
|
+---7""'-~-'--'I |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---100"' |
----;---1 |
|
|
|
|
|
D6: |
|
' |
|
_C~=i |
||
|
|
|
|
> |
--+ |
~<7'.~~ , |
, |
-'----=1 |
||
|
|
6 |
|
[) J., |
r-;-~Ji(, |
|
.------1 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|||||||
15D |
|
5 ~~_~---b-~---+---1 |
V~ I |
Ed |
!~ |
|||||
|
|
|
4 |
|||||||
100 |
|
it L----L.._-L-----::I=-.....L-_...L--:i.;.,J. |
||||||||
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
D |
500 fOOO 1500 2000 2500 °0 |
|
D 500 |
1000 |
1500 2000 25(JO 3000 Coc |
|||
|
|
|
Pile. 7·25 |
|
|
Pac. |
7-26 |
|
|
|
PI1C. |
7-25. |
3aBHcHMoCTH TeMl1epaTypHoro |
K03¢¢mmeHT3 oI1llHeIiHoro |
pacIIIHpeH1HI ai, |
~.ne.lbHoii TeJ1.1IOeMKOCTH C II K03¢epHI~neHTaTenJIOnpOBO,lJ,HOCTH '\'TBO~lb¢paMa aT TeMne~ paTyphI
PIle. 7-26. 3aBHcHMoCTH y,ne,,'IbHOfOconpoTHB,,1eHH51 p BOJlbeppaM8 H MOJIH6)1,eH8 OT TeMnepaTyphI
Y.lVIHHeHHe nepe.n. pa3phlBoM TaKHX HI,neH OKOJlO 4?b). BOJlhfl)paM HBJIHeTCH O)J,HHM 1I3 Ba)KHeHum:x MeTaJlJlHlJeCKHX l\laTepHa.nOB 3JIeKTpO~
B8KYYMHOiI TeXHHKH. TIpHMeHeHue BOJIb<pp3Ma ,IJ}IH H3rOTOnJleHIUI HHTeii JlCl\1n H8K3JlHB8Hl1H 6bWO BnepBble npetI,.:1on<eHo pyCCKHM Hso6peTa~ Te,leM A. J-f. J1O)J,blfJI HbIl\1 B 1890 r.
Bc.lle).1.CTBHe TyrolvlaBKOCTH II 60.HbIlIOH MeXaHIIlJeCKOH I1POllHOCTil npH nOBblweHHblX TeMnepaTypax BOJIbtPpaM MomeT pa60TaTb npH BbICOKOii Te:-vII1epaType (6oJIee 2000 °C), HO ,JUiWb B rJly6oKoM BaKyyMe HJlH B HHepTHOM rase (a30T, apron 11 T. n.), Tal{ KaK y*e npH HarpeBe ]],0 TeMnepa-
"ypbI B lIeCKOJIbKO COT |
rpaAycoB UeJIbCIUI B npHcyTcTBHH KHC.i10pO)J,a |
OH CHJIbHO OKHCJlHeTCH |
(CM. pHC. 7-10). TeMnepaTypHble 3aBHCMMOCTH |
HeKoTopblX napaMeTpoB |
BOJIbcPpaMa I1pHBe,lI.eHbI Ha pHC. 7-25, 7-26. |
f).naro.n.ap5I BhICOKOMY a p BOJlbeppaM HHor,Ua HCI10.ilb3ytOT )]}15I 6apeTTepOB. T8Kue 6apeTTepbI 11S-3a T)TOnJIaBKOCTli BOJIbeppaMa o6~TIaJ.l-afOT nOBbIUleH~
Hoil cnoco6HoCTblO BbI)l.ep*uBaTb 3HalJHTeJIbHbie neperpY3KH TOKOM. BOJlb¢paM npuMcHHIOT TaKlKe ,UJIH H3fOTOB.leHI1H KOHT3KTOB. K no-
, |
u |
CTOH HC'IBa~l BOJlbcppaMOBbIX KOHTaKTOB MOMBO aT HeCTH : |
YCTOH4HBOClb |
B pa(jOTe, :d8JIbIli MeX3HHlleCKH~i H3HOC BBHAY BbICOKOH TBepJJ.OCTH MaTe-
pH3Jla, CnOCOOHOCTb npOTlIBOCTOHTb LLellcTBHfO nyrH 11 OTCyTcTBHe npuBapHBae:\WCTH BCJIe)J.CTBHe 60JIbIUOH TyroIwaBKOCTH, :\I3JIYfO nOJIBep- *eHHOCTb 3JleKTpl1lJeCKOH 3P03HH (T. e. H3HOCY C 06pa30B2HmeM Ep3TepOB M H3 POCTOB B pesyJIhTaTe l,'leCTHbIX neperpeBOB H I1JIaBJIeHHH MeT (j.'1JH~).
He;.I,OCT3TKaMH BOJIbepparVla KaK KOHTaKTHoro MaTepHaJIa HB.:15HOTCH: "PYAH3H o6pa6aTbIB3eMOCTb, 06pa30BaHHe B aTMoc¢epHbIX YC.TICBHHX OECHlJ,HbIX n,JIeHOK, Feo6xoAlIMOCTb npHMeH51Tb 60J!bIllIH: ;:L3B.neHlIfI ;},JUI 06ecneQemUl M3JIOro 3J1eKTpHLJeCKOro conpOTHBJleHII51 KOHTaKTa.
11.''151 KoHTaKTOB ua 60JlbWHe 3HallE'HIHI pa3pbIBaeMoH MOW,HOCTII HCnOJlb3YfOT :'vleTa.JIJIOKepaMHtJecKHe MaTepHaJIbI. 3aroToBKY npeCCYfOT 113 I10pOWK3 BOJ!beppaM3 nOA 60.TlbUIIIM ,UaBJ1eHHE'M,crreKafOT B aTMO{'(repe Bo,nopo):l,a, nOJlyqaH nOCT3TOtIHO npOtIHylo, HO nopHcTylO OCHOBy, Kef upYIO
3aTer-.l np0I1HTbIB2fOT paCTIJ13BJleHHbIM cepe6pOM HJlll ;vle;I,bIo Jl,J1H yBe-
JIHtJeHHH npOBO)I,H~lOCTH.
C) 1 A
l\tOJlH6.lleH WHpOKO npHMeHTllOT B 3JIeKTpoBaKyyMHoH reXHHKe rTpH
MeHee BhICOKHX |
TeMnepaTypax, qeM |
BOJIheppal'vl; HaKaJIHB8eMbre .ll.eTaJIH |
H3 MOJlli6.n.eHa |
Jl.OJDKHbI pa60TaTb B |
BaKyyMe, B HHepTHOM ra3e HJIH |
B BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHOH aTMOCepepe. XapaKTepHCTHKH MOJIH6,L(eHa £lpH- |
||
Bezr.eHbI B Ta6R. |
7-1 Ii Ha puc. 7-26. Mex3HHlfecKaH npOlfHoCTb MOJIH6ileHa |
B OlfeHb 60JIbWOlI CTeneHH 3aBHCHT aT MexaHHlfeCKOH o6pa6oTKH MaTepH3JIa, BH.ll.a H3)l.eJIHH, ,lI,UaMeTpa CTepLKHeii lIJlH npOBOJIOKH Ii I10CJlen.y- IOmefi TepMoo6pa6oTKH. OpeAeJI npOlJHOCTH £lpH paCT5DKeHHH MOJII16AeHa - OT 350 AO 2500 ~\na, a OTHOCWreJIbHOe Y.llJIHHeHHe nepe.ll pa3PbIBOM OT 2 .ll.0 55 %. nJIOTHOCTb MOJIH6AeHa nOrlTH B ABa pa3a MeHhwe, qeM BOJlbeppaMa. B 3,neKTpoBaKyyMHofi TeXHHKe HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHbI MapKI1 MOJII16.ll.eHa M4 (MOJIH6,lI,eH 4HCTbIH) H MK (MOJIH6.ll.eH C KpeMHHeBOH npHcaAKoA). [loCJIe,lI,HHR 06JIaAaeT IlOBbIUIeHHOH MeXaHHqeCKOll npOlfHOCTblO npH BbICOKHX TeMnepaTypax. l\t\oJIH6AeH £lpHMeHHeTCH B Ka-
qeCTSe M3TepHaJIa AJl51 3JleKTpHlJeCKllX KOHT3KTOB.
30JlOTO - MeTaJI.TI LKeJIToro UBeTa, 06JIa,lI,alOmHH BhICOKOH £lJIaCTHqHOCThlO (npelI.eJI £lpOlJHOCTH npH pacTHllieHHH 150 MOa, OTHOCHTeJIhlIOe YlI.JIH HeHHe £lepen. pa3pbIBoM 40 0/0). B 3J1eKTpOTexHHKe 30JIOTO HCrrCtIb-
3yeTcH KaK KOHTaKTHbll1 MaTepHaJI lI.JI5I KOpp03HOHHO-CTOHKHX £lOKpbITHH,
9JIeKTp0lI.oB epoT03JIeMeHTOB H ~nH ApyrHx ueJIeH. |
|
|
||
Cepe6po - 6eJIbIH, 6JIeCTHllI,HH: MeTaJIJI, |
CTOHKHH |
npoTMB |
OKIic,neHIHI |
|
npH HOpMaJIhHOH TeMnepaType. |
Cepe6po |
HMeeT |
MeHhllJee |
YJI,e.lIhHoe |
co£lpOTHBJIeHHe p (npH HOpMaJIbHOH TeMnepaType), |
lJeM KaKoH 6hl TO |
|||
IIH 6bIJIO .ll.pyrofI MeTaJIJI (CM. Ta6JI. |
7-1). ~lexaHHqecKHe CBoHcTBa cepe6- |
pHHOH npOBOJIOKH: op OKO.;10 200 .i\1.TIa, AliI npHMepHo 50 %. TaKylO
npOBOJIOKy HCnOJIh3YlOT ,U.TIB H3rOTOBJIeHH5I KOHTaKTOB, paCCQHTaHHhlx Ha He60JlhWne TOKM. Cepe6po npHMeHHIOT TaK)Ke )l,JIH nenoCpej.lCTBeHHoro HaHeceHIHI na lI.H3JleKTpHKH B KalJeCTBe 3JIeKTpOAoB B £lpOH3BOlI,CTBe KepaMHQeCKHX H CJIlOJJ-HHhIX KOHJleHCaTopoB. )l.TIH 3TOH IleJIH HCnOJIb3YfOT MeTOA B}KHr3HHH IU1H HcrrapeHHH B BaKyyMe. HeAocTaTKoM cepe6pa HBJIsteTCH ero CKJlOHHOCTh K MHrpaUHH BHYTPb AH3J1eKrpHKa, Ha KOTOphIR
HaHcceHO cepe6po, B yCJIOBHHX BbICOKOH BJl3:tKHOCTH, a TaKlKe npa BhICOKHX TeMnepaTypax OKpY)KaIOU~eHCpe)l.hI. XHMR4eCKa51 CTOHKOCTb ce-
pe6pa no cpaBHeHHIO c ApyrHMH 6.rraropoAHbIMH MeTaJIJI8MH nOHIDKeHHaH. nJIaTHHa - MeTaJIJI, npaKTHqeCKH He coeAHHHIOI.ll,I1HCH c KHCJIOpOJJ,OM
If seCbMa CTOHKHH: K XHMHlJeCKHM peareHTaM. n.lIaTHH3 npeKpaCHO
nOMaeTC5l MeXaHHlJeCKOH o6pa6oTKe, BhITHfHBaeTCH B OqeHb TOHKHe
HUTH H JIeHTbI. 3naqeHHe op |
rIJWTHHbI |
nOCJIe OTlliHra |
OKOJIO ISO 1\\[1a, |
|
a l1l!l COCT3BoI151eT 30-35 %. |
fL1aTHHY |
npHMeH51lOT, |
B qaCTHOCTH, |
Jt~1S1 |
H3rOTOBJIE'HHH reprv'lonap ,UJIH |
H3MepeHHH BbICOKHX |
TeMnepaTyp |
-- JJ.O |
1600°C (B nape co C£lJIaBOM n.TlaTHHopoJl,nii, CM. pEC. 7-27). Oco60
TOHKHe HHTH 113 nJIaTHHhl (nJlaMerpOM OKOJ10 1 MKM) )I.JIH rrOIl,BeCOK no-
.LI,BHlliHbIX CJICTeM B 3JIeKrpOMeTpax if JI,pyrHx lfYBCTBHTeJIbHbIX npH60pax
nOJIyqaIOT MHOrOI\paTHbIM BOJf04eHHeM 611MeT3JlJIHtIeCKOH npOBOJIOKIf nJl3THHa - cepe6po C noc.neIlYlOll~HM pacTBopeHlIeM - HapY*Horo CJIost cepe6pa B a30TIWrJ KI1CJIOTe (Ha nJlaTHHY a30TH3H KHc,rrOTa He ,Ue~IcTByeT).
BCJlell,CTBHe MaJIOlI TBepnO:=TH DJ1aTHHa pell.KO npHMeH5IeTCH ll..i151 KORTaKTOB B lJHCTOM BH.ue, HO CJIylliBT OCROBOH ,UJIH KOHT3KTHblX CDoI1aBoB. CnJlaBbl nJIaTH lIbl c npU)l.HeM CroHKH K OKHCJIeHHlO II K H3HOCY, mveIOT
215