Molecular Sieves - Science and Technology - Vol. 6 - Characterization II / 07-back-matter

Isomorphous substitution –, B, Ga, V, Fe, 373

–, [B]-MFI, 373

–, defect groups SiOM/u.c., 401

–, essentially performed with the MFI structure, 373

–, introduction of Co(II), 371 –, synthesis procedures, 373

–, Ti, In, Be, Mn, Sn, Cr, Mo, Ge and Zn, 373

–, zeolite BEA, 373

Isomorphous substitution of framework atoms, 49

–, mean T–O distances, 49

–, wavenumbers of lattice vibrations, 49 Isomorphous substitution of MFI zeolites –, list of examples, characterizations,

references, 374–380 Isomorphous substitution of Si

–, by other tetrahedrally coordinated

heteroatoms, 371

–, by TIII elements (T = B, Al, Fe, Ga), 371 –, examples (various structures), 371

–, methods of preparation, 371 –, tunable acidic strength, 371 Isomorphous substitutions

–, [Cu]-TON, 385 –, [Fe]-BEA, 383 –, [Fe]-MFI, 381 –, [Fe]-MOR, 384 –, [Ga]-MFI, 381 –, [Zn]-MFI, 385

Isomorphously substituted zeolites –, characterization by a specific

F– -electrode, 386

–, characterization by atomic absorption spectrometry, 386

–, characterization by NMR parameters, 387

–, characterization by powder X-ray diffraction, 386

–, characterization by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), 386

–, characterization by TG analysis, 386 –, characterization of, 386

–, from thermoanalytical data, 88 –, physico-chemical properties, 88 –, synthesis, 88

ISS (Ion-Scattering Spectroscopy) –, bulk composition, 63

–, dealumination, 63

–, surface composition, 63 ITQ-1 (MWW)

–, adsorption isotherms, 125

–, characterized by adsorption, 125

K-[Fe]-silicalite-1

–, decomposition of TPA+ ions, 405 –, morphology, 408 K-borosilicalite samples

–, 29Si MAS NMR spectra, 394

L (LTL)

–, adsorption capacities, 114 Large-pore zeolites

–, perfluorotriethylamine, (C2F5)3N, 125 –, pore size characterization, 125

–, tertiary alkylamines, 125 Lattice parameters

–, framework composition of faujasites, 51 Leaching

–, Ga-impregnated MFI-type zeolites, 60 –, ion-exchanged MFI-type zeolites, 60

Levyne

–, 27Al NMR, 460

–, characterization, 460 –, dealumination, 460

–, extra-framework species, 460 –, framework species, 460

–, MQMAS method, 460 –, MQMAS spectra, 460 –, synthesis, 460 Levyne sample

–, 2D multiple-quantum 27Al NMR experiments, 463

–, 3QMAS 27Al NMR data, 464

–, 27Al 3QMAS NMR spectrum, 463, 464 –, 27Al MAS NMR spectra, 462

–, 27Al NMR spectra, 462

–, 29Si MAS NMR data, 462, 463

–, two crystallographically different sites, 462

Levyne sample as-made

–, simulated spectrum, 465 Levyne sample calcined

–, simulated spectrum, 465 Levyne structure

–, 27Al MAS NMR spectra, 461

–, 13C NMR measurements of the occluded MeQ+ ions, 461

–, crystallographically different tetrahedral sites, 464

–, dealumination process, 464

–, incorporation of aluminum, 461

–, octahedral extra-framework aluminum species, 464

–, 29Si NMR spectra, 461 Liquid-phase adsorption, 118 Liquid-phase alkylation reactions

–, including carbonaceous species, 343 Low-temperature coke, 262

–, UV-Vis spectra, 281

Low-temperature coke (soft coke or white coke)

–, H/C ratio, 259 Löwenstein rule, 55 –, Al(OSi)4, 55

–, Ga(OSi)4, 55

m-diisopropylbenzene conversion –, Beta, 138

–, mordenite, 138

–, probing extra-large-pore zeolites, 138 –, zeolites Y, 138

m-Xylene conversion

–, discrimination between 10and 12-membered ring zeolites, 134

–, EU-1 (EUO), 136

–, MCM-22 (MWW), 136 –, NU-87 (NES), 136

–, selectivity ratios, 136

–, zeolite CIT-1 (CON), 136 m-Xylene isomerization

–, R value, 133

–, Shape Selectivity Index (SSI), 133 m-Xylene test reaction

–, Beta (BEA), 136 –, CIT-5 (CFI), 136

–, medium-, largeand extra-large-pore zeolites, 136

–, pore width, 136

–, selectivity ratios, 136 –, SSZ-24 (AFI), 136

–, SSZ-31, 136

–, UTD-1 (DON), 136 –, zeolite L (LTL), 136 –, zeolite Y (FAU), 136

MALDI-TOF mass spectrum –, of catalysts, 317

–, of nonsoluble coke, 317

MALDI-TOF MS

–, analysis of coke, 316 MAS-7 (Beta nanoclusters)

–, pore size probing by catalytic tests, 141 MAS-9 (assembled from ZSM-5

nanoclusters)

–, pore size probing by catalytic tests, 141 MAZ

–, DTA, 82

–, incorporation of TMA, 82 –, TG, 82

Mazzite

–, crystallized in presence of TMA, 1,6-diaminohexane, and 18-crown-6 ether, 83

–, TG/DTA profiles, 83 MCM-22 (MWW)

–, contribution of various pore systems, 134 –, discrimination between 10and

12-membered ring zeolites, 134 –, m-xylene test reaction, 136 MeAPOs

–, changes in unit cell parameters, 49 –, wavenumbers of lattice vibrations, 50 Measure of crystallinity, 408

Mechanisms of hydrocarbon conversion –, over bifunctional zeolite, 141 Mesoporous

–, micropores of the mesoporous aluminosilicates, 141

Mesoporous aluminosilicates –, catalytic test reaction, 140 Mesoporous carbons

–, as templates, 319 Mesoporous materials

–, applications of Xe NMR, 234 Mesoporous solids

–, NMR of hyperpolarized xenon, 234 –, Xe NMR spectroscopy, 228

Metal clusters

–, zeolite-supported platinum, 208 Metal silicates

–, analysis, 12

Methanol conversion test

–, influenced by the zeolite pore geometry, 139

Methanol on H-ZSM-5

–, experiments with deuterated methanol, 272

–, UV Raman spectra, 272

Methanol transformation –, induction period, 345

–, on H-ZSM-5 and SAPO-34, 345 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG), 139 Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons (MTH)

reaction, 139 Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO), 139 Methylarenes

–, trapped in the zeolite channels, 345 2-Methylnonane

–, restricted transition state shape selectivity, 143

MFI zeolites (H-, Ga-, In-, Cu-)

–, interaction of 1-propylamine, 97 –, TG-DTA-MS-GC techniques, 97 Mg-ZSM-22 (TON)

–, Constraint Index, 132 Microcalorimetry

–, by determining the heats of adsorption, 106

Micropore volume –, by adsorption, 106

Mineral faujasite, 125

Mobil’s original Constraint Index –, reaction pathways, 143

Mobil’s Selective Toluene Disproportionation Process (MSTDPSM), 347

Modeling techniques

–, density functional theory (DFT), 121 –, Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo, 121

–, statistical thermodynamic theories, 121 Modern physical routine methods, 4 Modified Constraint Index

–, hydrogenolysis, 149

–, lack of catalyst deactivation, 145 –, loading of 0.3 wt.-% metal, 149 –, possible effects of a noble metal

component, 148

–, risk of narrowing the zeolite pores, 149 –, shape-selective performance, 145

–, zeolites with 10-membered-ring pores, 145

Molecular sieves

–, void spaces by 129Xe NMR, 163 –, 129Xe NMR chemical shift, 180

–, 129Xe NMR chemical shift as a function of mean free path, 177

Molecular sieves with a single type of void volume

–, 129Xe NMR chemical shift, 179 Molecular sieving

–, selective adsorption of molecules, 109 Molecular simulations

–, adsorbate-absorbent interactions, 111

Mordenite

–, 129Xe NMR spectra, 181 MTG process

–, catalyst reactivation, 338 MTG/MTO

–, over SAPO-34 and H-ZSM-5, 343

–, reaction mechanism involving coke, 343

Multiple-Equilibrium Analysis (MEA) –, accessible surface, 120

–, accuracy, 120

–, adsorption capacities, 120 –, enthalpies, 120

–, entropies, 120

–, pore volumes, 120 Mutinaite

–, MFI topology, 371 Mössbauer parameters

–, NH4-[Fe]-ZSM-5 sample, 419 Mössbauer spectra

–, Fe-containing ZSM-5 zeolites, 417

n-Heptadecane

–, characterization of large-pore zeolites, 145

–, probe molecule, 145

–, selectivity of hydrocracking, 145 n-Tetradecane

–, differences between pore systems, 144 –, probe molecule, 144 Na-[Fe]-silicalite-1

–, decomposition of TPA+ ions, 405 –, morphology, 408

–, prismatic crystals, 408 Na-A

–, DTA, 71

–, TG, 71

–, thermal stability, 71 Na-A (4A)

–, pore size, 121 Na-ZSM-5

–, competitive adsorption, 124

–, n-hexane/3-methylpentane/2,2- dimethylbutane over –,

124

Na-ZSM-22 (TON)

–, adsorption of n-alkanes, 122 Na-ZSM-5

–, of n-hexane/3-methylpentane/2,2- dimethylbutane over zeolite Na-ZSM-5, 124

Nature of coke

–, effect of the reaction temperature, 261 New microporous cesium silicotitanate

(SNL-B)

–, dehydration, 69 NH3-TPD

–, correlation with FTIR-TPD, 46 NH4-[Fe]-silicalite-1

–, morphology, 408

NH4-[Fe]-ZSM-5 sample –, EPR spectroscopy of, 420 –, extra framework Fe, 420

–, Mössbauer parameters, 419 (NH4-TPA)-[B]-ZSM-5 samples –, 11B NMR spectra, 452

NH3-TPD, 44 Nickel

–, gravimetric determination, 22 Nitrido-zeolites

–, chemical analysis, 23 NMR of hyperpolarized Xe –, mesoporous MCM-41, 234 –, mesoporous SBA-15, 234 NMR spectra

–, mixture of Ca-A and Na-Y, 181 Non-framework species, 41

–, location of elements, 41 Non-framework species (analysis), 60 –, deposited atoms, 60

–, exchange ions, 60

–, extra-framework species, 60 –, leaching, 60 Non-framework Ti

–, loaction, 63 Non-framework titanium –, XPS spectra, 62

NU-87 (NES)

–, m-xylene test reaction, 136

Offretite-erionite type zeolites

–, thermal decomposition of the template, 82

Olefin index, 335 Organic inclusions

–, determination, 39 Ortho-ethyltoluene in acidic zeolites

–, probing the pores of 12-membered-ring zeolites, 137

–, product distributions, 137 Oxidation of coke

–, composition of the oxidation products, 263

–, H-MOR, 263 –, H-Y, 263

–, H-ZSM-5, 263

–, structure of zeolites, 263 Ozone treatment

–, preservation of framework elements, 446

31P MAS NMR

–, characterization of coke on zeolites, 297 –, coke investigation, 298

P–N-zeolites

–, cf. nitrido-zeolites, 23

Packing densities of probe molecules –, SSZ-24 (AFI), 114

–, ZSM-12 (MTW), 114 Phi

–, thermal decomposition of the template, 82

Phosphorous

–, determination, 21 PILC

–, average interlayer space, 224 –, clays pillared by large cationic

complexes, 223 Pillared clays, 223

–, pore diameters, 224

–, xenon NMR technique, 224 Polymethylbenzenes

–, trapped in the zeolite channels, 345 Pore aperture

–, amorphous material, 109

–, preadsorption of polar molecules, 109 –, radius of the cation, 109

Pore architecture

–, bifunctional molecular sieves, 141 Pore Constraint Index, 116

–, 2,3-dimethylbutane vs. cyclohexane, 117 –, relative rates of adsorption, 117

Pore dimension

–, aldol condensation, 139

–, zeolites in their acidic forms, 139

Pore probe technique

–, during the reaction, 118

–, influence of acid-catalyzed reaction, 118 Pore size

–, by adsorption, 106 –, dewaxing, 140

–, ZSM-5, 140

–, ZSM-23 (MTT), 140 Pore size characterization

–, linear dialkylazodicarboxylate chromophores, 115

–, microcalorimetry, 120 –, modelling work, 120 Pore size of the zeolite

–, competitive adsorption, 119 Pore size probing

–, alkylation of biphenyl, 138

–, bifunctional molecular sieves, 141 –, hydrocracking of cycloalkanes, 141 –, isomerization and hydrocracking of

long-chain n-alkanes, 141

–, micropores of the mesoporous aluminosilicates, 141

Pore size test

–, isomerization of methylcyclohexane, 145

Pore width

–, disproportionation of ethylbenzene, 137 –, large-pore zeolites, 138

–, p-diethylbenzene selectivity, 137

–, probing with charge-transfer complexes, 120

–, test reaction with m-diisopropylbenzene, 138

Pore width of porous materials –, catalytic test reactions, 126

Porosity studies

–, by 129Xe NMR, 175 Porous carbons

–, chemical shift, 228

–, paramagnetic properties, 228 –, structural properties, 228

–, textural properties, 228 –, 129Xe NMR, 227

–, 129Xe NMR signals, 228

Positron emission tomography (PET) –, coked zeolites, 294

Pre-coking

–, effect on ethylbenzene conversion, 347 –, effect on xylene isomerization, 347

–, enhancement of para-xylene selectivity, 347

–, on the external surface, 347 Product shape selectivity

–, m-xylene conversion for the characterization of, 132

–, of p-ethyltoluene in the alkylation of toluene with ethylene, 127

–, reverse of reactant shape selectivity, 127 Propylamines

–, solvation shell, 93 –, TG curves, 93

Protonated cyclopropanes

–, branching mechanism, 142

–, in 10-membered-ring zeolites, 142 Pt cluster

–, highly dispersed, 208

–, studied by 129Xe NMR, 208 Pt particles in Na–Y

–, chemisorbed H2, 207

–, studied by 129Xe NMR, 207 PtPd/H-beta zeolites

–, XPS spectroscopy, 63 Pulse-field gradient NMR

–, NMR signal of adsorbed species, 211 –, self-diffusion of xenon, 210

–, spin-echo intensity, 211 –, surface barriers, 211

–, Xe in Na–X, 211

–, Xe in zeolite A, 211 –, Xe in ZSM-5, 211

3QMAS NMR experiment –, distribution of Al on the

crystallographically different sites, 466 –, levyne-type zeolites, 466

Quantitative analysis

–, aluminophosphates, 4 –, wet-chemical recipes, 4 –, zeolites, 4

RCN index

–, detection of subtle changes in the pore size, 116

–, ratio of the adsorption capacity of cyclohexane to that of n-hexane, 115

–, small-, mediumand large-pore zeolites, 115

Raman spectroscopy

–, background fluorescence avoided, 272

–, characterization of polyolefinic coke, 272 Rate of coke deposition

–, cracking of 1-methylnaphthalene over H-Y, 259

–, cracking of 1-methylnaphthalene over RE–Y, 259

–, cracking of 1-methylnaphthalene over ZSM-5, 259

Reactant shape selectivity

–, of n-octane in the presence of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 127

Reactivation of coked H-ZSM-5 –, for the MTG process, 336 Reactivation of internal acidity

–, by additional thermal treatment with hydrogen or alkanes, 348

Refined or modified Constraint Index, CI –, definition, 143

–, for 10-membered-ring zeolites, 143 –, for 12-membered-ring zeolites, 143 –, reaction pathways, 143 Regeneration of coked zeolites

–, in nitrous oxide, 264 –, in oxygen, 264

–, in ozone, 264

Restricted transition state shape selectivity –, due to intrinsic chemical effects, 128

–, suppression of disproportionation, 133 –, suppression of trimethylbenzene, 128

β-scission

–, type A, 142 –, type B, 142

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) –, effect of carbon deposits, 264 Selective cracking

–, of n-octane in the presence of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 127

Selective deactivation

–, role of active sites, 346

–, role of product diffusivities, 346

–, transition-state shape selectivity, 346 Selective formation

–, of p-ethyltoluene in the alkylation of toluene with ethylene, 127

Selective formation of isobutene –, on H-FER, 340

Selectivity

–, external surface modification, 346 –, reactant diffusivity, 340

Selectivity improvement

–, by replacing framework Al3+, 338 –, of H-FER, 338

Selectivity Ratio (SR)

–, competitive cracking of a 1 : 1 mixture of two alkanes, 139

Self-diffusion coefficients

–, in medium-pore zeolites, 144 –, methylnonane isomers, 144

–, molecular dynamics simulations, 144 –, of n-decane, 144

–, shape selectivity effect, 144 Self-diffusion coefficients of Xe –, in 5A zeolite, 214

–, in NaCa-A, 214 –, in Na-X, 214

–, in Pt–H/Na–Y, 217 –, in Pt–Na–Y, 217

–, in silicalite, 214

Self-diffusion coefficients of Xe in zeolites, 214

Self-diffusion coefficients of xenon –, Arrhenius plots, 213

–, computer simulations, 213 –, in Na–X, 213

–, in NaCa–A, 213 –, in ZSM-5, 213

–, influence of extra-framework cations, 213

Shape selectivity

–, influence of the crystallite size, 128 –, preferential-diffusion product shape

selectivity, 127

–, restricted transition state shape selectivity, 128

–, size-exclusion product shape selectivity, 128

Shape-selective catalysis –, definition, 126

–, fundamentals of, 126 –, hindered diffusion, 126

–, mass transfer shape selectivity, 126 –, product shape selectivity, 126

–, reactant shape selectivity, 126 –, restricted transition state shape

selectivity, 126 Shape-selectivity effects

–, consecutive reactions, 144 –, quantitative criteria, 144 Shielding constant

–, diamagnetic contribution, 160 –, paramagnetic contribution, 160 Sigma-1 (DDR)

–, pores of, 121 Silica, 13, 15

–, molybdenum blue method, 15 Silicalite-1

–, adsorption/desorption, 74 –, thermal analysis of, 78 Silicalite-2

–, TBA in, 84 Small-pore zeolites

–, characterization of, 121 –, ZK-5 (KFI), 121

SOD

–, DTA, 82

–, incorporation of TMA, 82 –, TG, 82

Solid-state MAS NMR, 52 –, 27Al NMR, 59

–, AlPO-20, 59

–, chemical shift range, 53 –, dealumination, 59

–, extra-framework aluminum, 59 –, framework (tetrahedral) Al, 54

–, framework aluminum, 59 –, 71Ga NMR, 59

–, [Ga,Al]-ZSM-20, 58, 59 –, Ga-ZSM-5, 53

–, GaPOs, 59

–, HETCOR (two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation NMR), 55

–, interference, 53

–, non-framework (octahedral) Al, 54 –, 11P MAS NMR, 59

–, quadrupolar interactions, 54

–, relations Ga-(Al-) framework content vs. Ga-(Al-) MAS NMR signal intensities, 56 –, second-neighbor environment of silicon,

53

–, sensitivity of Al-NMR, 53

–, shifts after Ga-substitution, 52 –, 29Si chemical shift values, 52 –, Si/Al framework ratio, 52

–, two-dimensional NMR techniques, 54 Solid-state MAS NMR of 27Al, 71Ga, 19F

–, deviations, 57 –, fluorine, 19F, 57

–, non-framework atoms, 57 –, substitution of Ge for Si, 57

–, zeolite structure ITQ-13, 57 Soluble silica, 15

–, silicomolybdate method, 15 Solvent extraction

–, of coke, 311 Sorption processes

–, by IR spectroscopy, 106 Spaciousness Index, SI

–, based on restricted transition state shape selectivity, 147

–, butylcyclohexane, 146

–, characterization of large-pore molecular sieves, 148

–, for various zeolites, 147

–, hydrocracking of C10 cycloalkanes, 146 –, hydrogenolysis, 149

–, independence of several parameters, 147 –, independence of the feed hydrocarbon,

146

–, loading of 0.3 wt.-% metal, 149 –, no deactivation, 147

–, no effect of nSi/nAl, 148

–, no effect of crystal shape, 148 –, possible effects of a noble metal

component, 148

–, ranking 12-membered-ring molecular sieves, 147

–, risk of narrowing the zeolite pores, 149 –, yield ratio of isobutane and n-butane, 146 Specific dealumination

–, levyne, 465

–, offretite (OFF), 465 SSZ-24 (AFI)

–, adsorption capacities, 114 –, m-xylene test reaction, 136 SSZ-25 (MWW)

–, uptake of chromophore-containing molecules, 115

SSZ-31

–, m-xylene test reaction, 136 Steamed and chemically dealuminated

faujasites

–, 2-propanol, 94

–, 2-propylamine, 94 Substitution

–, charge, 41 Supported metals

–, in various Na–Y zeolite supercages, 203 Surface composition

–, various types of zeolites, 63

–, XPS spectroscopy, 63 Surface layers

–, AES, 62

–, chemical composition, 62

–, quantitative determination, 62 Surface modification

–, modification by (non)metal oxides, 347 –, pre-coking treatment, 347

–, vapor deposition of organosilicon compounds, 346

Synthetic zeolite Y, 125

TIII-MFI

–, defect groups SiOM/u.c., 401 TA

–, alkylation of isobutane, 74

–, formation of carbonaceous deposits, 74 Templates

–, thermal decomposition, 80 TEOM (tapered element oscillating

microbalance)

–, adsorption/desorption, 74 –, coking, 74

–, oligomerization of ethene over H-ZSM-5, 74

Tertiary carbenium ions –, as active sites, 345

–, trapped in the zeolite pores, 345 Test reaction

–, isomerization of methylcyclohexane, 145 Tetrahedral Co(II) ions

–, extra-framework Co species, 445 –, framework Co species, 445

TG

–, acetylacetone, 74

–, compounds occluded in the pore system of mazzite, 84

–, decomposition of TPA cations, 90

–, TPA+ ions, trapped in the crystals, 90 TG analysis

–, effect of structure-directing agents as templates, 77

–, HEXDA, 77 –, TEA, 77

–, TPA, 77 –, TRIPA, 77

TG and DTG curves

–, of 1-propylamine (1-PA) adsorbed on H-ZSM-5, 94

TG and TPD-MS curves

–, of 2-propylamine adsorbed on highly copper-exchanged ZSM-5 and on Cu-silicalite-1, 96

–, of 2-propylamine on H-[Ga]-ZSM-5, 93 TG measurements

–, unit cell parameters of ferrierite, 84 TG/DTG

–, In2O3 /H-zeolite (e.g., H-Y, H-ZSM-5), 75 –, reductive solid-state ion exchange, 75

–, structure-forming cation, 75

–, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), 75

–, zeolite crystallization, 75 TG/IR

–, removal of carbonaceous deposits, 74 TGA combined with GS and MS

–, coke formation, 73 –, H/C ratios, 73 TGA experiments

–, decomposition of TEA+ species in [Fe]-Beta, 91

–, incorporation of iron into Beta, 91 Thermal analyses

–, sorbate/framework interactions, 71 –, sorbate/sorbate interactions, 71 Thermal analysis, 40, 67

–, adsorption/desorption features of 1-propylamine, 95

–, affinity, AT to adsorbed organic compound, 70

–, alkylamine guests ordering in the H-form of zeolite hosts, 94

–, Brönsted acid sites, 95

–, characterization of gel precursors, 77 –, combined with Gas Chromatography

(GC), 68

–, combined with IR, 68

–, combined with Mass Spectrometry (MS), 68

–, combined with XRD, 68

–, complementary methods (MS, GC, IR, NMR), 95

–, coupled with gas chromatography, 40 –, coupled with IR spectroscopy, 40

–, coupled with mass spectrometry, 40 –, crystalline silicalite-1, 82

–, crystallinity, 82

–, crystallization of silica frameworks, 78 –, CuO/H-MFI, 96

–, decomposition, 68

–, decomposition mechanism of TEA-Beta, 86

–, decomposition of organic compounds entrapped, 77

–, dehydration behavior, 68

–, Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTA), 68 –, different TPA species in ZSM-5, 79

–, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 68

–, Differential Thermal Analysis, 68 –, Dilatometry, 68

–, ETS-10 (alkylamines), 95

–, formation and removal of coke deposits, 69

–, HEXDA in silicalite-1, 78 –, HEXDA in ZSM-11, 78

–, hydrothermal synthesis products, 77 –, initial gel, 82

–, ion exchange in ZSM-5, 77 –, loss of crystallinity, 71

–, microcalorimetry, 67

–, most frequently applied methods, 67 –, properties of pentasil zeolites, 69

–, slight changes in the free pore volume, 69 –, stability of zeolites, 68

–, synthesis of potential zeolites, 69

–, temperature-dependent properties, 67 –, templates, 78

–, templates for the synthesis of silica molecular sieves, 84

–, tetraethylammonium (TEA) aluminosilicate gels, 77

–, tetramethylammonium (TMA) gels, 77 –, TG/DTG/DTA, 70

–, TG-DTA, 40

–, thermal behavior of HEXDA, 78 –, thermally induced processes, 67 –, thermogravimetry, 67

–, TPA-ZSM-5, 78 –, ZSM-5, 77

–, ZSM-39, 77

Thermal analytical methods combined with other techniques

–, decomposition of organic templates, 79 Thermal analytical techniques

–, borosilicates prepared with TPA-OH and TPA-fluoride, 79

–, MFI-type zeolites prepared with TPA-OH and TPA-fluoride, 79

Thermal decomposition

–, in oxidative atmosphere, 87 Thermal stability

–, stability of dealuminated zeolite Y, 71 Thermodesorption

–, external surface, 118

–, inverse gas chromatography, 118 –, mesopores, 118

–, micropores, 118 Thermogravimetric analysis –, hydrophobicity (H), 70

–, of zeolite Beta synthesized in the presence of TEA-OH, 87

Thermogravimetry

–, amounts of water adsorbed, 69

–, combined with titration of evolved HCl, 75

–, high-pressure thermogravimetry, 68 –, reaction between mordenite and

phosgene, 75

–, solid-state ion exchange, 75 Ti-silicates

–, photoelectron spectra, 62

–, Si/Ti surface atomic ratio, 63 –, Si/Ti surface ratio, 63

–, XPS measurements, 63 Titanium-silicalite

–, tetrabutylphosphonium (TBP), 91 –, thermal behavior, 91

TMA cations

–, oxidative decomposition of, 82 TON zeolite samples

–, 27Al MAS NMR spectra, 454 TPA+ ions occluded in MFI channels

–, temperature of decomposition, 401 TPD of n-propylamine from

–, silica-rich B, Al, Ga, and Fe-ZSM-5, 47 TPD of ammonia from

–, large-pore mordenite, 45 –, SAPO-5, 45

–, ZSM-12, 45

–, ZSM-5, 45 TPD/TGA

–, characterization of the nature of copper in zeolites, 96

TPO profile

–, of coked H-FER, 260 TPO profiles

–, of asilylated coked H-ZSM-5, 261

–, thermogravimetry of coked H-ZSM-5 samples, 261

TPR of NH4 Na-Y/In2 O3 –, DTG curves, 76

–, IR spectroscopy, 76 Transalkylation reactions

–, involving coke species, 343 –, over H-BEA, 343

–, over H-FAU, 343 Tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO) –, acid site, 298

–, coke investigation, 298 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene

–, adsorption on the liquid phase as solvent, 123

Trimethylphosphine (TMP) –, coke investigation, 298

Trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO) –, acid site, 298

–, coke investigation, 298 12-tungstophosphoric heteropolyacids

(HPA)

–, micropores, 225

Unit cell parameters –, Mg exchange, 52

Unit Cell Parameters (XRD), 51

–, framework composition of faujasites, 51 –, substituted Al-, Gaand Ge-ZSM-5, 51 Uptake of chromophore-containing

molecules

–, monitored using UV/Vis, 115 UTD-1 (DON)

–, m-xylene test reaction, 136 UV Raman spectra

–, reaction of methanol on H-ZSM-5, 273 UV-Vis spectra

–, assignment of bands, 283

–, conjugated double bond oligomers, 283 –, interaction of 1-butene with H-FER, 283 UV-Vis spectroscopy

–, absorption coefficients, 279 –, advantages, 279

–, combination of UV-Vis results with IR and 13C NMR, 279

–, olefinic coke species, 279

V2O5 /TiO2-supported catalysts –, chemical shift of xenon, 232 Vanadium

–, potentiometric determination, 23 void spaces by 129Xe NMR

–, Ω, 163

–, A, ZK4, 163 –, AlPO4-5, 163 –, AlPO4-8, 163 –, AlPO4-11, 163 –, AlPO4-17, 163 –, Erionite, 163 –, EU-1, 163

–, ferrierite, 163 –, L, 163

–, MAPO-36, 163 –, mordenite, 163 –, offretite, 163 –, SAPO-5, 163 –, SAPO-11, 163 –, SAPO-31, 163 –, SAPO-34, 163 –, SAPO-41, 163

–, Theta-1, Nu-10, 163 –, VPI-5, 163

–, Y, SAPO-37, 163 –, ZSM-12, 163

–, ZSM-20, 163

–, ZSM-22, 163

–, ZSM-23, 163

–, ZSM-48, 163

VPI-5 (VFI) capacities, 114

Weight losses

–, correlated with X-ray crystallinity, 90 –, decomposition of organic cations, 90

X-ray diffraction

–, unit cell parameters of ferrierite, 84 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), 32,

34

–, accuracy, 35

–, alkalineand alkaline earth-exchanged A-type zeolites, 36

–, analysis of microporous and mesoporous materials, 32

–, Auger-electron emission, 34 –, calibration, 35

–, detection limit, 36

–, electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), 35

–, energy dispersive (ED) mode, 34

–, generation of the optical spectra and the X-ray spectra, 33

–, interaction of X-rays, 33