Molecular Sieves - Science and Technology - Vol. 6 - Characterization II / 07-back-matter

–, conversion of 14C-labeled n-hexane/benzene, 324

–, conversion of 1-hexene on H-USY, 258 –, Cu-ZSM-5, 264

–, deactivation functions, 341 –, deactivation rates, 324

–, definition of coke, 252

–, deposits in the channel intersections, 202

–, disproportionation of n-propylbenzene, 301

–, disproportionation of ethylbenzene, 301 –, during hexadecane conversion, 311

–, effect of aluminum content in mesoporous materials, 327

–, effect of pore structure, 324 –, effect of shape selectivity, 326

–, effect of surface deacidification, 334 –, effect of temperature, 287

–, effect on diffusion, 332

–, effect on non-framework aluminum species, 329

–, effects of acid-site strength, 251 –, effects of the pore structure, 251 –, ESR spectra, 302

–, factors influencing formation, 351 –, function of temperature, 258

–, H–Y, 251

–, H-MOR, 264 –, H-Y, 264

–, H-ZSM-5, 264

–, high-temperature coke, 327

–, in the intercrystalline void volume, 332 –, in the MTG process, 330

–, influence of dealumination, 200 –, initial period, 262

–, IR range between 1300 and 1700 cm–1, 268

–, IR spectroscopy, 264

–, location and nature of coke species, 251 –, loss of internal pore volume, 332

–, low-temperature coke, 327

–, measurement of its atomic H/C ratio, 252 –, mechanism, 334

–, mesoporous materials, 327

–, methanol conversion on H-ZSM-5, 258 –, MTG/MTO process on SAPO-34, 346 –, nature of coke species, 257, 287

–, nature of reactants, 325 –, NMR spectroscopy, 251

–, number of acidic sites (H-ZSM-5 < H-Y < H-T), 258

–, on Al-MCM-41, 327

–, on Al-MCM-41 and Al-MCM-48, 327 –, on Ca–Y, 200

–, on dealuminated H-ZSM-5, 202

–, on dealuminated H-Y zeolites, 200 –, on different zeolites, 258

–, on HZSM-5, 200 –, on Mg–Y, 200

–, on Na–A, 203

–, on nonframework aluminum, 200 –, on the external surface, 203

–, over H-MOR, 302

–, problems related to coke formation, 252 –, radicals, 301

–, rate of, 262

–, reaction of ethylene, 258, 302 –, retardation of, 338

–, role of extraor non-framework Al, 296

–, route of, 311 –, selectivity, 324

–, selectivity improvement, 346 –, shape selectivity, 325

–, shape-selective process, 351 –, shape-selective reaction, 251

–, so-called aging of coke, 257

–, studied by 129Xe NMR, 200, 203 –, 129Xe NMR technique, 332

Coke formation on zeolites

–, absence of carboxylates, 276 Coke influence

–, on acidic bridging hydroxyls, 265 Coke location, 263

Coke molecules –, location of, 334 Coke on catalysts

–, catalyst deactivation, 340

–, kinetics of coke deposition, 340 Coke on H-USY, 301

Coke on H-ZSM-5, 301

Coke on several H-ZSM-5 samples –, acid site density, 303

–, characterization, 303 –, H/C ratio, 303

–, time on stream, 303 Coke on zeolites

–, charcterization by different techniques, 349

Coke oxidation

–, effect of density of acid sites, 264 Coke precursors

–, on terminal SiOH groups, 276 Coke products

–, low-condensed aromatics, 281 –, polyenic carbocations, 281

–, UV-Vis spectra, 281 Coke removal

–, by additional thermal treatment with hydrogen or alkanes, 348

–, supercritical fluid extraction, 320 Coke signal in ESR spectra

–, as a function of time on stream, 304 Coke species

–, active in isopropylation, 343

–, active in selective hydroisomerization, 343

–, active in selective methanol conversion, 343

–, active in selective skeletal isomerization, 343

–, chain-like structure, 274

–, characteristic of zeolites deactivated under severe conditions, 272

–, desorption and/or decomposition, 256 –, external surface, 305

–, extractable by Soxhlet treatment, 333 –, extracted, 312

–, GC-MS method for analyzing, 311 –, H/C ratio, 256

–, polyolefinic and aromatic, 274

–, released from the zeolite framework, 312 –, site densities, 305

Coke yield

–, effect of the reaction temperature, 257 –, on H-MOR, 324

–, on H-Y, 324

–, on H-ZSM-5, 324 Coke, hydrogen content

–, signal linewidth, ∆H, 305 Coke, insoluble, 316

Coke, paraffinic

–, C5–C16 alkanes, 314 Coke, partially oxidized –, aldehydes, 278

–, ketones, 278

–, weakly basic carbonaceous residues, 278 Coke, soluble

–, GC-MS, 314

–, 1H NMR, 314

–, main components, 314 Coke, total amount of

–, correlation with spin concentration, 303 Coke-type I

–, constituents, 350

–, effect of acidity, 330

–, IR and Raman results, 274 –, low-temperature range, 282

–, paraffinic or olefinic, hydrogen-rich, 309 –, result from condensation,

oligomerization, alkylation, 334 –, role of acidity, 282

–, synonyma, 350

–, UV-Vis investigations, 282 Coke-type I species

–, broad signals, 303

–, multiple line ESR spectra, 303

–, soluble in methylene chloride, 333 Coke-type I, low-temperature coke –, oxidation of, 262

Coke-type II

–, constituents, 350

–, cyclization, cracking, hydrogen transfer involved, 334

–, dominating aromatic species, 309 –, effect of acidity, 330

–, higher reaction temperature, 282 –, IR and Raman results, 274

–, role of acidity, 282 –, synonyma, 350

–, UV-Vis investigations, 282 Coke-type II molecules

–, insoluble, 333 Coke-type II species

–, narrow ESR single line spectrum, 303 Coke-type II, high-temperature coke

–, oxidation of, 262 Coked deposits

–, different coke species, 294 –, distribution of coke, 294 Coked H–Y and H-ZSM-5 –, oxidation, 260

Coked H-FER

–, n-butene isomerization on, 338 Coked H-Y pellet

–, 2D image, 294 Coked H-ZSM-5

–, after methanol conversion, 305

–, aromatic carbonaceous deposits, 309

–, carbon AES spectrum, 309 –, ESR spectra, 305

Coked sample

–, adsorption capacity, 323 –, adsorption strength, 323

–, distortion of the ZSM-5 structure, 310 –, graphitic component, 297

–, intracrystalline diffusivity of methane, 293

–, post-treatment by propane, 323 –, spectral linewidth, ∆H, 305

–, removing carbonaceous deposits, 323 Coked zeolite

–, XPS spectra of, 307 Coked zeolite catalysts

–, acid treatment and extraction, 312

–, Combinations of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/detection of gas-phase products by GC, MS or IR, 255

–, determination of the H/C ratio, 255 –, extraction, 311

–, olefin content, 336

–, on RE-X catalysts, 312 –, reactivation, 336

–, TGA/GC method, 255 Coked zeolites

–, determination of the H/C ratio, 254 –, H/D exchange on, 338

–, improved selectivity, 338 –, oxidation, 277

–, partially oxidized, 278 –, pyrolysis, 277

–, reactivation of, 338 Coked ZSM-5

–, analysis of spent samples by XPS, 331 –, phase change, 310

–, structure of, 331 Coking

–, chabazite, 324

–, change in number of acid sites, 320

–, decrease in the number of active acidic sites, 265

–, effect of aluminum content, 325

–, in-situ MAS NMR experiments, 284

–, intracrystalline self-diffusion coefficient, 292

–, on H-ZSM-5, 325 –, on ZSM-34, 324

–, pathway to coke, 325

–, radiotracer studies, 325

–, sophisticated NMR techniques, 284 Coking activity

–, comparison of various zeolites, 329 –, effect of acidity, 328

–, effect of enhanced activity sites, 329 –, effect of Si/Al ratio, 329

Coking rate

–, computer modeling, 343

–, effect of hydrogen-containing stream gases, 336

–, model parameters, 341 –, of H-USY, 341

–, of H-ZSM-5, 342 –, of H-ZSM-20, 341 Coking studies

–, photoelectron spectroscopy, 307

Coking through reaction of 13CH3OH and

13C2H4

–, 13C MAS NMR spectra, 286 Competitive adsorption

–, in the liquid phase, 119

–, short-chain vs. long-chain n-alkanes, 119 Constraint Index, 139

–, advantages, disadvantages, 131

–, classification of zeolites into large-pore, medium-pore and small-pore zeolites, 129

–, competitive cracking of an equimolar mixture of n-hexane and 3-methylpentane, 129

–, CVD, 132

–, effect of deactivation, 131 –, ferrierite (FER), 131

–, for selected zeolites, 130

–, prediction by classical molecular mechanics force field, 131

–, ratio of first order rate constants (k), 129 –, reactant shape selectivity, 131

–, restricted transition state shape selectivity, 131

–, shortcomings, 130 –, temperature, 131

–, ZSM-23 (MTT), 131 Copper

–, electrogravimetric determination, 22 Courtald space-filling models, 113 Cracking activity

–, n-heptane conversion, 340

Crystallinity

–, studied by 129Xe NMR, 182

Crystallization rates

–, effect of alkali cations, 402 Cs-[Fe]-silicalite-1

–, decomposition of TPA+ ions, 405 –, DSC curves, 404

–, morphology, 408 Cs-[Fe]-ZSM-5

–, defect groups, 406 Cu-TON

–, 2D 3QMAS NMR data, 455 –, characterization, 387

–, deformed aluminum site, 455

–, deformed tetrahedral aluminum sites, 455

–, 29Si NMR spectrum, 454 –, solid-state exchanged, 454 [Cu]-TON

–, gel preparation, 385

–, synthesis procedure, 385 Cu-TON samples

–, chemical analysis, 453

–, double ionic exchange, 453 –, EPR results, 453

–, preparation, 453

–, prepared in three different ways, 453 –, role of preparation method, 453

–, solid-state reaction method, 453 Cu-zeolite catalysts

–, automotive exhaust, 372 CVD

–, Constraint Index, 132

DANTE (Delays Alternating with Nutations for Tailored Excitation)

–, microscopic rate constants of a single Xe atom, 220

DD3R zeolite

–, adsorption/desorption, 74 Dealuminated zeolite Y

–, thermal stability, 71 Dealumination, 59

–, beta, 59

–, ferrierite, 59 –, mordenite, 59 –, ZSM-5, 59

Dealumination of Na-Y with SiCl4, 70

–, IR, 70

–, 29Si (CP) MAS NMR, 70 –, TG, 70

Deca-dodecasil 3R (DDR)

–, adsorption of several small molecules on, 121

Decomposition of intracrystalline TPA –, correlation with XRD crystallinity, 90 Decomposition of TPA

–, influence of cations, 405

Dehydration of Na–Y –, 129Xe NMR, 198

Derivative dilatometry

–, lattice deformations, 71

Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG), 68 Desorption of Xe from NaCa–A

–, additional transport resistances, 212 Determination of anions, 37

–, by ion chromatography, 37 –, by the Berthelot reaction, 37 –, by XRF, 37

–, gravimetrically, 37

–, liquid-chromatographic separation, 38 –, sensitivity, 38

–, spectrophotometrically, 37 Determination of organic inclusions, 39 –, CHN analysis, 39

–, extraction, 39

–, thermal analysis, 39 Determination of the H/C ratio –, oxygen consumption, 254 Determination

–, silica, 13, 15

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 68

–, dehydration, 69

–, thermal effects during adsorption and desorption, 69

–, zeolite Na-A, 69 Differential thermal analysis –, of TPA-[Ga]-ZSM-5, 89

Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), 68 Diffuse reflectance Fourier Transform

Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) –, coke, 265

Diffusion

–, after coking, 331

–, location of coke, 331 –, modeling work, 120

–, PFG NMR technique, 331 Diffusion coefficient

–, from NMR pulsed-field gradient experiments, 234

Diffusion coefficients

–, four isomeric methylnonanes in H-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-11, 143

diffusion of benzene –, in H-ZSM-5, 223 Diffusion of Xe

–, in Na–X zeolite, 212

–, intracrystalline diffusion, 212 –, surface barriers, 211 Diffusion of xenon

–, effect of water, 215 –, in Na–Y, 215

–, in Na–Y/Na–A, 215 –, in ZSM-5, 215

–, in ZSM-5/Na–A, 215 Diffusion tensor of xenon –, adsorbed in silicalite, 214 Diffusion through a zeolite

–, configurational diffusion, 219

–, hop between adsorption sites, 219 –, rate-limiting step, 219

Diffusivity

–, deactivated H-USY, 293 Dilatometry, 68

–, heulandite, 72

–, lattice deformations, 71 –, metaphase formations, 72 –, natrolite, 72

–, phase transitions, 72 –, stilbite, 72

–, thermal dehydration, 72 Dimensions of intracrystalline cavities –, hard-sphere picture, 107

–, kinetic diameter σ , 107 Dimensions of probe molecules

–, effective minimum dimensions of molecules, 108

–, hard-sphere picture, 107 –, kinetic diameter σ , 107

Dimensions of zeolite cavities

–, shifts of the charge-transfer bands, 119 Disproportionation of ethylbenzene

–, discrimination between mediumand large-pore zeolites, 137

–, distribution of the diethylbenzenes, 137 –, probing the pores of 12-membered-ring

zeolites, 137

Distribution of the trimethylbenzenes –, in 10-membered-ring zeolites, 134 –, in NU-87 (NES), 134

–, in ZSM-50 (EUO), 134

Distributions of the trimethylbenzene isomers

–, in mordenite (MOR), 133 –, pore architecture, 133

–, restricted transition state shape selectivity, 133

–, zeolite Y, 133 DSC

–, structure-forming cation, 75 –, zeolite crystallization, 75 DTA

–, compounds occluded in the pore system of mazzite, 84

–, decomposition of TPA cations, 90 –, decomposition of TPAF, 90

–, loss of crystallinity, 71

–, stability of dealuminated zeolite Y, 71 –, TPA+ ions, trapped in the crystals, 90 DTA and DSC

–, decomposition mechanism, 81

–, decomposition of the Pr3NHF-MFI precursor, 81

DTA curves

–, of as-synthesized gallosilicate analogue of ZSM-5, 89

DTA curves of

–, [Fe]-ZSM-22, 90 –, [Ga]-ZSM-22, 90

–, oxidative decomposition of the occluded organic material, 90

DTA curves of as-synthesized MFI type zeolites, 80

DTG

–, acetylacetone, 74 DTG curves

–, of as-synthesized (TEA)-Beta zeolites, 86 –, TPR of NH4 Na-Y/In2 O3, 76

Dynamic adsorption, 112

–, on small-, medium-, largeand extra-large-pore zeolites, 114

EELS

–, insoluble coke, 318 –, on H-USY, 318

Effective minimum dimensions of molecules

–, dimensions of probe molecules, 108 Effective pore size

–, yield ratio of isobutane and n-butane, 146

Effective pore diameter –, AFI, 140

–, CHA, 140

–, chabazite, 140

–, erionite (ERI), 140 –, MOR, 140

–, ZSM-5, 140

–, ZSM-12 (MTW), 140 Effective pore width of zeolites –, m-xylene conversion for the

characterization of, 132 Energy level diagram

–, barium, 28

ETS-10 (zeolite-like titanosilicate)

–, mono-alkylamines (C1–C5), interaction with –, 95

EU-1

–, dibenzyldimethylammonium ions in, 84 EU-1 (EUO)

–, m-xylene test reaction, 136 EU-12

–, thermal decomposition of the template, 82

EXAFS, 52

–, cation loading, 52

–, symmetry of the crystal lattice, 52 Extra-framework Fe

–, EPR spectroscopy, 420 Extra-large-pore zeolites

–, adsorption of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene, 126

FAU

–, adsorption, 71 [Fe,Al]-BEA

–, synthesis, 431 [Fe,Al]-MCM-22 –, 27Al NMR, 439 –, 13C NMR, 439

–, chemical analysis, 438

–, chemical analysis by AAS, 437

–, decomposition of hexamethyleneimine, 90

–, EPR results, 440 –, Fe/Al ratio, 437 –, morphology, 435

–, room temperature EPR spectrum, 440 –, scanning electron micrographs, 437 –, SEM photographs, 435

–, synthesis, 435

–, TA, 90

–, X-ray powder diffraction, 435 –, XRD patterns, 436 [Fe,Al]-MFI

–, by solid-state reaction, 425 –, catalytic tests, 425 [Fe,Al]-MFI catalysts

–, characteristics of, 424

–, for the tests of benzene hydroxylation, 424

[Fe,Al]-MFI-type catalysts

–, benzene hydroxylation with N2O, 426 –, productivity, 426

–, selectivity, 426 [Fe,Al]-MFI samples

–, phenol productivity, 429 –, phenol selectivity, 429 [Fe,Al]-MFI-type catalysts

–, benzene hydroxylation with N2O, 425 [Fe,Al]-ZSM-5, 382

[Fe]-BEA

–, crystallization, 432

–, crystallization fields, 431 –, gel preparation, 383

–, synthesis procedure, 383 –, white color, 431 [Fe]-BEA zeolite

–, narrow crystallization fields, 430 –, synthesis, 430

Fe-containing ZSM-5 zeolites –, Mössbauer spectra, 417

–, prepared in alkaline slurry, 418

–, synthesized in NH4F-containing slurry, 418

–, X-band EPR spectra, 418

[Fe]-MCM-22

–, 27Al NMR, 439

–, Al/u.c. value, 439 –, 13C NMR, 439

–, chemical analysis, 438 –, EPR spectra, 441

–, Fe/u.c. value, 439

–, interpretaion of EPR spectra, 441 –, Mössbauer spectra, 441 [Fe]-MCM-22 samples

–, EPR results, 440 [Fe]-MFI

–, color, 402

–, crystallinity, 402, 408 –, crystallization, 409

–, crystallization rates, 411 –, Cs-[Fe]-silicalite-1, 403

–, decomposition of the TPA+ ions, 406 –, defect groups, 406

–, DSC curves, 403

–, DSC curves as a function of Fe/u.c., 404 –, effect of cations, 403

–, Fe/u.c., 403

–, free of extra-framework (EFW) iron oxide/hydroxide, 411

–, induction, 411

–, induction time, 408

–, L/W ratio of the crystals as a function of the crystallization rate, 409

–, Mössbauer spectroscopy studies, 411 –, NH4-[Fe]-silicalite-1, 404

–, 29Si NMR spectra, 406

–, synthesis procedures, 381

–, synthesized by the alkaline route, 413 –, tetrahedrally incorporated Fe, 403

–, variation of the starting hydrogel composition, 412

–, variation of TPA/u.c. decomposed as a function of Fe/u.c., 406

–, via alkaline routes, 412 –, via fluoride-route, 412 [Fe]-TON

–, chemical analysis, 435 –, crystal dimensions, 435 –, morphology, 435 [Fe]-MFI catalysts

–, catalytic behavior of differently prepared, 428, 429

[Fe]-MFI crystallization –, effect of MF salts, 410

–, influence of the OH– ions, 410

–, influence of the various alkali cations, 410 [Fe]-MFI morphology

–, aspect ratios (L/W), 408 –, crystallization curves, 408

–, effects of the alkali cations, 408 –, influence of Fe/u.c., 408 [Fe]-MFI sample

–, detection of Fe2+ after catalytic reaction, 423

–, framework to extra-framework migration, 422

–, long-term catalytic tests, 422 –, Mössbauer parameters, 423 –, Mössbauer spectra, 422, 423

–, partial removal of iron from the framework, 422

[Fe]-MFI samples

–, scanning electron micrograph, 414, 415 –, size of the crystals, 415

–, X-band EPR spectra, 417 [Fe]-MFI through the alkaline route –, chemical analyses, 414

–, crystallization process, 414 –, crystallization time, 413

–, effect of TPABr content, 413 –, gel composition, 413

–, iron incorporation into the MFI framework, 415

–, mechanism of isomorphous substitution, 416

–, morphology, 415 –, pH value, 414

–, preferences of sites for Fe, 416 –, size of the crystals, 415 [Fe]-MOR

–, gel preparation, 384

–, synthesis procedure, 384 [Fe]-MTW

–, chemical analysis, 435 –, crystal dimensions, 435 –, crystallization, 433

–, effect of pH, 434

–, effects of Si/Fe ratio, 433 –, morphology, 435

–, no extra-framework iron, 434 –, synthesis, 433

–, white color, 434 [Fe]-silicalite (Al-free)

–, productivity to phenol, 427 –, selectivity to phenol, 427 [Fe]-silicalite-1

–, crystallization, 409

–, crystallization curves, 410 –, crystallization rate, 410

–, decomposition of TPA+ ions, 405 –, SEM pictures, 407

[Fe]-TON

–, chemical analysis, 435 –, crystal dimensions, 435 –, crystallization, 433

–, effect of pH, 434 –, effect of Si/Fe, 434

–, effects of Si/Fe ratio, 433 –, morphology, 435

–, no extra-framework iron, 434 –, synthesis, 433

–, white color, 434 [Fe]-ZSM-5, 382

–, EPR spectra, 422

–, higher sensitivity of EPR for EFW transitions, 422

[Fe]-ZSM-5 containing Al –, effect of Fe content, 427

–, productivity to phenol increase, 427 –, selectivity to phenol increase, 427 –, side decomposition of N2O, 427 [Fe]-ZSM-5 sample

–, decomposition of the X-band spectrum, 421

[Fe]-ZSM-5 samples –, defect groups, 407

–, morphology of the crystals, 407 –, SEM pictures, 407

–, tetrahedral framework Fe, 407 [Fe]-ZSM-5 with Al/Fe 1

–, maximum selectivity to phenol, 428 –, maximum yield of phenol, 428 FER-type zeolite

–, by recrystallization of aluminum-containing kanemites, 84

–, dehydration, 84

–, removal of organic cations, 84 –, TGA and DTA, 84

Ferrierite

–, thermal decomposition of the template, 82

Ferrierite (FER)

–, Constraint Index, 131 Ferrierite type zeolite –, adsorption, 71

–, TG/DTG/DTA, 71 Ferrisilicate analogues of ZSM-5

–, correlated with X-ray crystallinity, 90 –, decomposition of organic cations, 90 Flexibility of molecules

–, adsorption, 108 –, diffusion, 108

Formation of carbonaceous deposits

–, assignment of 13C MAS NMR signals, 285 –, assignment of IR bands, 268

–, assignment of UV-Vis bands, 279 –, catalyst deactivation, 251 Formation of carbonaceous residues –, UV Raman spectra, 273

Framework

–, substitution of 4-valent framework atoms, 41

Framework aluminum

–, broaden of the pore size distribution, 109

–, reduction of the pore volume, 109 Framework atom sizes

–, average physical extension of electron density distributions, 108

–, re-definition of, 108 Framework composition, 42

–, determination via alkaline cation exchange, 44

–, determination via ammonium exchange, 42

–, determination via Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) of test molecules (NH3-TPD, FTIR-TPD), 44

–, determination via TPD of 2-propanol, 47 –, determination via TPD of

n-propylamine, 47

–, determination via cation exchange, 42 Framework Me(III) atoms, 48

–, in high-silicon zeolites, 48

–, TPD of ammonia, 2-propanol, 2-propanamine, 48

Framework species, 41

–, location of elements, 41 Framework Ti

–, loaction, 63 Framework titanium –, XPS spectra, 62

[Ga]-MCM-22

–, ozone treatment, 446 [Ga]-MCM-22

–, defect groups, 451 –, 71Ga NMR, 450

–, ozone treatment, 450 –, ozone-treated, 451 [Ga]-MCM-22 samples –, 71Ga NMR spectra, 451 –, 29Si NMR spectra, 452 Ga-MFI

–, desorption-decomposition features of propylamines, 97

[Ga]-MFI

–, chemical analysis, 392

–, comparison of the final zeolitic [T]-ZSM-5 phases, 398

–, effect of cations, 392

–, effect of the cations on the incorporation of the TIII atom, 399

–, gel preparation, 381 71Ga-NMR, 55

–, framework Ga, 55

–, non-framework Ga, 55

–, prediction of 71Ga chemical shifts from 27Al chemical shifts, 55

Ga-substituted Nu-23 ([Ga]-Nu-23) –, thermal analysis, 90

[Ga]-ZSM-5

–, 13C NMR spectra characteristic of TPA+, 395

[Ga]-ZSM-5

–, alkanes to aromatics, 371

–, crystallization process by DTA, 88 –, crystallization rate, 401, 402

–, decomposition (oxidation) of the embedded template, 88

–, decomposition of TPA+, 396 –, defect groups, 394

–, defect groups SiOM/u.c., 401 –, dehydroxylation, 88

–, DTA, 88

–, DTA peak, 396

–, DTA peaks as a function of M/u.c., 401 –, effect of alkali cations, 402

–, effect of cations, 394

–, effect of cations on composition, 393 –, 71Ga MAS NMR spectrum, 395

–, 71Ga NMR spectra, 393

–, gallium in tetrahedral form, 394 –, induction rate, 402

–, induction time, 401 –, oxidation of coke, 88

–, physicochemical characterization, 393 –, 29Si NMR data, 394

–, 29Si NMR spectrum, 395

–, SiOH/u.c. as a function of Ga/u.c., 397 –, sum of negative charges, 396

–, sum of positive charges, 396 –, TG, 88

–, water desorption, 88 [Ga]-ZSM-5 samples –, DTA, 397

–, DTA peaks as a function of Ga/u.c., 400 –, DTG, 397

Gallium

–, determination, 20 Gallosilicate, crystalline

–, exothermic weight changes, 90 –, loss of occluded TEA, 90 Gallosilicate MFI zeolites

–, charged extra-framework species, 194 Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations –, adsorbate-absorbent interactions, 111

1H PFG NMR

–, correlation with 129Xe NMR shift, 215 –, diffusion of hydrocarbons, 215

H/C ratio, 259 –, decline of, 258

–, effect of the time on stream, 289 –, function of time on stream, 257

–, methanol conversion on H–MOR, 258 –, methanol conversion on RE–Y, 258 H/C ratio of coke

–, Combinations of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/detection of gas-phase products by GC, MS or IR, 255

H-FER

–, coke, 260

–, in-situ IR spectra in the presence of n-butene, 271

–, increase of isobutene yield, 339 –, loaded with coke, 270

–, selective isobutene formation, 340 H-ferrierite (FER)

–, adsorption of n-alkanes, 122 –, pore system, 122

H-MFI

–, adsorption/desorption features of 1-propylamine, 95

H-MFI-zeolites

–, adsorbed propylamines, 93 H-mordenite

–, adsorption isotherms of cyclohexane, 114

H-SAPO-40 (AFR)

–, adsorption isotherms of cyclohexane, 114

H-Y

–, adsorption isotherms of cyclohexane, 114

H-ZSM-5

–, coked upon alkylation of toluene, 263

H-ZSM-5 coked

–, before and after treatment with propane, 263

–, TPO profile of, 263 H-ZSM-5

–, 2-propylamine on, 95

–, adsorption features of various alkylamines, 92

–, adsorption isotherms of cyclohexane, 114

–, decomposition of alkylamine, 92 H-ZSM-5 coked during n-hexene

conversion

–, DRIFT spectra of 18O-exchanged H-ZSM-5, 277

H-ZSM-5 deactivated

–, rejuvenation effect of different gases, 347 H-ZSM-5 dealuminated

–, acetylacetone, 74 H-ZSM-5/CuO

–, auto-reduction of CuO to Cu+, 97

–, desorption feature for 1-propylamine, 96 –, thermal analysis of 1-propylamine

adsorbed, 97 H-ZSM-5/Mo

–, burning-off of coke, 74

Heteropoly acids (HPA) –, 129Xe NMR, 227

Heteropolyoxometalate Salts (HPOM) –, Keggin structure, 225

–, narrow micropore size distribution, 225 –, nitrogen adsorption-desorption

isotherms, 225

–, porosity, 225

–, 129Xe NMR, 225 Heulandites

–, destruction, 71

–, phase transition, 71

High-siliceous hydrophobic materials –, TG/DTG/DTA, 71 High-temperature coke

–, UV-Vis spectra, 281

High-temperature coke, (hard coke or black coke)

–, H/C ratio, 259

HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography)

–, competitive adsorption, 119 Hydrocracking

–, long-chain n-alkanes, 142

–, product mixture, 142 –, shape selectivity, 142

Hydrophobicity Index (HI), 70

Hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity

–, by sorption of mixtures of non-polar and polar substances, 106

Hyperpolarized xenon

–, optical pumping of xenon, 238

–, scheme of the optical pumping, 239 –, spin exchange between optically

polarized Rb and Xe, 239

Induction period

–, methanol conversion, 345 Induction rate

–, effect of alkali cations, 402

Intergrowth

–, studied by 129Xe NMR, 182 Intracrystallite mean lifetimes τ of

adsorbed Xe in zeolites, 214 Inverse shape selectivity, 111 Ionic chromatography, 39

–, anions, 39 –, cations, 39

–, interferences, 39

–, zeolitic ion and anion analysis, 39 IR lattice vibration spectra, 50

–, determination of Si/Al framework ratios, 51

–, faujasite-type zeolites, 51 –, four main absorptions, 50 IR spectra

–, from H-FER in the presence of n-butene, 271

IR spectroscopy

–, coke molecules, 339

–, nature of carbonaceous deposits, 265 –, studying coke formation in situ, 265 Iron-silicate

–, exothermic weight changes, 90 Isobutene formation

–, with 13C-labeled butenes, 340 Isomerization

–, long-chain n-alkanes, 142 –, shape selectivity, 142

Isomerization of methylcyclohexane –, acid site density, 145

–, acid site strength, 145 –, pore size, 145

–, test reaction, 145