[Маркетингвий менеджмент Інтернет-ресурси Bєlyavcev_M.І.]_Marketingovy_menedzhment._Navch(BookFi.org)_copy

( # ):

@$BA % * ! E D= @! F=% ; E 4 A D %$B =E ! @ = E % " E$4 + E %$B.

" E % @! F=% ;4% 4 A D %$B =K ! @ = 4% ! K4 4 @! &="4 %= D % 4% A E=K + E %$B.

D 4+ &4 * % ! %=$B D '$4 %= =K + E %$B, L 4*U$=.

> % ' A= +4 @% #; @ D A =E !4 ! =#E@A% E ;4 % =K + E %$B %4 @! F=% ;4% 4 A D %$B =K ! @ = 4%, + =E= %@A %$4 D @! @B 4 +%’ + =.

A$B + A =E E ! 4 =A A4% %= + E %$B, A =E =K !4 ! =#E@A% E.

$4+ @A A = E &4* =K D % 4% 4 E=K + E %$B + E=$4 * ! A ; 4 ! 4 =. = %$ A &4*, + E4 @A * 4 !- @! A=% A =E %=K + E %$B.

## :

E % * ! @A4* % @$ E$A H * @- A=E A H @A A = ! &4H, L %=! @ #AB@ !4 ! =#E@A% E.

@$4 F @! F=%;=K %$@A=% @A * A % 4% (! @$D), %=E D, 4 %=@ % JAB =K @! F=% ;4 * A D %$B 4 ! @ = =, A F '- f A % @A4 %4 ! %4 =K ;4 % B.

A% * +%=A @ A=E A D ' =K + ! "4$J- J;=E= ! E E= %= ' =;-E &4* H 4$B @A4 !4 ! =#E@A% .

4# A &4 + '$J% ;4%, %= ' =&A% * A D %$B D ! @-$ %= %=E D @! F=% ;4% 4 A D %$B =K ! @ = 4%.

4 @A F %4 ! %4 @A4 @! F=%;=K %$@A=% @A * ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% ! A ' E A ;4 % E @! F=% ;4%, %=E D E A D %$B- =K ! @ = 4%.

=+ ; @A 4* F=AA#% D &=$ E=K A % 4% 4 ! @$D. >4- D A % %4 ! %4 =K ! ! +=&4* 4% =&A% E A= D %=K !4 + 4$4% !4 ! =#E@A% L *'4$BU " A=% D %= =@A HK A % D ! A &4$ %= %$=K ! A ; =K A ! K HK B D F=AA#% D &=$.

+ '$ + K 4%, ! %’ + =K + D 4+ &4#J * ! %$4 E $4& +4* =E + K=@A E ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

( # ):

! %$4 E$A J * @ A=E A J @A A J + @!4%%4 U E=: + 4+4 E$A-@ A=E A =K ! A- %=K D ! — A % =, ! @$D=, E$4 ! ! +=&4H, @=@A E= '@$D % %-

391

; + 4+4 E'4 &4H E$* — ! ! +=&4H, L %$J; JAB @ % 4, A %4 * @ ! A 4 A % = A ! @$D=; + 4+4 ! E4F =K @$ - %=K — @ % 4 =, A =' A= A 4 .

> ! % * @$ E$A D A @ A=E A- D ' =K !4 ! =#E@A% % D$+ % E , A =A 4$B E * 4 U E ! 4.

$4+ '@ D4%, @ +-; @ %=K " A 4% , &4 4@ D @! =* AA * K A ! A '= % A=K ;= 4 U=K %= K A % 4% (! @$D),$4+ % =K &4$B % E = .

+ '$ E &4* +4 + AA + %= ' =&A% E=K E-$B + @A 4$=K %= 4% A % 4%, ! @$D, E!$@ =K E$* ! !- +=&4*.

$J; @ A=E A !4 ! =#E@A% %=K %= 4% A % 4%, ! @$D, E!$@ =K E$* ! ! +=&4* 4 @=@A E '@$D % % .

+ '$ ! ! +=&4* 4+ !4 %=L ' @A '4$4+ &4H @A4 A- % 4% 4 ! @$D @ %4 %=%; E = + %$=K 4 + %$=K A D 4* + E % = 4%, A F %4 D 4% ! A &4* =K @! F=% ;4% 4 A D- %$B =K ! @ = 4% ! 4@AB ! &4H, $4+ % H A E=.

D E F , @=@A E A=+ &4 * $4+ 4 " E &4H ! %@4 %= = ! 4' =K 4 $BA A=% =K A % 4%, ! @$D, E$4 ! ! +=&4H * @=@A E= '@$D % % , A F ! @A !4 B HK B H %+ #E + E4 @A4 + %= '- =;=E=, A % =E=, &4 %=E=, A =E= A 4 U=E= =A 4 E=.

$4+ @=$B =K 4 @$' =K @A 4 J; H = ! &4H + E4 &4 E=: ! 4' 4 ! ! +=&4H, $BA A=% 4 ! ! +=&4H.

' " % $% ( , , * $,

" )

## :

4 @A F ! & @ * K A +%=A %-A K 4; D ! D @ % ! "4$JJ;=K D$+ K. 4A = D %= = %=K A K 4;- =K UA4%, A K$D4* 4 " A 4%, ! %’ + =K + %= ' =&A% E ' @!- F=% E ! &4H, 4* @! &4$4+ #AB@ !4 ! =#E@A% .

E % @=@A E= @A=E$J% , D &4H * %4 ' ! @!- A=% =K 4 * @" 4 $4+ &4H %= .

=%; E A=% &4* 4 @! F=%;=K ;4 % B $ &4$B % D + '- $ %=K ' !A &4H %F %4 E=K %= 4% A % 4%, ! @$D, E!$@- =K E$* ! ! +=&4H * @=@A E '@$D % % $ ! A ' 4 ' F B &4$B %=K @! F=% ;4%.

+ '$ %=K %= 4% A % 4%, ! @$D, E!$@ =K E$* ! ! +=&4* 4 @=@A E '@$D % % .

+ '$ ! D +4% L = E4 = ! A &4* D * !$A- @! E F D ! !=A % ! &4J !4 ! =#E@A% @ %4 %=-

392

%; ’J A = * ! 4 =; ' E %$H E4@A @A4 &4$B % D = .

> U 4 $4+ &4 E F$=% @A * @A %$ @A A4% %= '- =&A% A @A4 @$%=K $E A4% A % K, ! @$D K, E$K ! ! +=&4*, @=@A E K '@$D % % .

( # ):

D 4+ &4 * +E4& % @A B D +%’ + 4+ + E % = E= * A D %$B =E= ! @ = E= + E A J %=%; E @! F=% ;4% A HK 4K ! ! +=&4* L !$4!U @A4 A % 4% 4 ! @$D, @- $ @A A = E!$@ =K E$* ! ! +=&4* 4 !4 %=L + ;- @A4 HK B D @! F=% .

+ '$ &4$B H A K$D4H '4A 4 !A=E$B D $D =A- E ! & @4% %= ' =&A% * @! F=% A % 4% A ! @$D !4 ! =#E@A% .

! ' % %=K A % 4%, ! @$D, E!$@ =K E$* !- ! +=&4*, @=@A E '@$D % % + ! E D J $ $B =K @A @ % !4 !- =#E@A% @! F=% ;4%.

+ E 4+ A K 4; =E=, %= ' =;=E=, +' A %=E= A 4 U=E= !4 + 4- $E= !4 ! =#E@A% ; @AB + '$4 A K$D4* A 4 @A &4* + %= '- =&A% * @! F=% %4 ! %4 H A % H ! &4H + K % E @!- &="4 = E % 4 = E4; @A4 " A 4%, L %!$=% JAB &4 ! & @=.

P 4*@ E!$@ '4A 4 + K 4% L @A% %=K @=@- A E E A 4$B-A K 4; D + ' +! ; * '@$D % % @! F=% ;4% 4 A D %$B =K ! @ = 4%.

!A &4 %=K E % ' %=K ! !&4% A % 4%, ! @$D, E!$@ =K E$* ! ! +=&4* U$K E E 4+ &4H @$%=K $ - E A4%, E$J% @A A =, +E4 = ! E A 4% 4 A. .

=+ ; A @! E F @A4 * ! +=&4 % %=K A % 4%, ! @$D, E$* ! ! +=&4*, @=@A E '@$D % % .

= %$ E F$=% D E4; D ;= 4 U D " A % ! A- &4* =K @! F=% ;4% 4 A D %$B =K ! @ = 4% + E A J !$BU H - E @A &4H HE @! F=%; H &4 @A4 ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

+ '$ D E A4% 4+ ! ! !&4%, E4; D * !@=K$D4; D 'f A % HK B D %=' =@AB ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% , * D A4%.

=+ ; E F$=% D ! =' A !4 ! =#E@A% %4 $4+ &4H - % H ! &4H 4+ =E A D 4 E &4$B %=K @! F=% ;4%.

$ $ ( $% )

## :

=+ ; &4 %=K @A A D4* 4+ =K @ DE A K &4$B % D =-* " E % &4 % H !$4A= = !4 ! =#E@A% .

=+ ; " A 4% 4 @A ! HK B D %!$=% &4 = * ! & @ &4 A% ! &4J !4 ! =#E@A% % 4+ =K E % K * D %= '- =;-E &4* H 4$B @A4.

393

= %$ $@A=; @A4 ! !=A E4 A % =, ! @$D= * E!$@ 4 E$4 ! ! +=&4*.

E % !A=% H @=@A E= &4 ! &4J !4 ! =#E@A% .

; @AB %=+ ; 4 %= ' =; H * ! % H @ '4% A @A4 4+ =K %=- 4% ! &4H + E + E4; =E=, %= ' =;=E=, A K$D4; =E= A +' A %=E= !4 + 4$E= !4 ! =#E@A% .

+ '$ * A$B + %= =@A E @=@A E= &4 %=K - D$A 4% (+ =F , &4 , E! @ &4*)

( # ):

! %$4 @=@A E J &4 @ % 4, A %4 * @ ! A 4 $E- A= % E!$@ =K E$K ! ! +=&4* 4 @=@A E K '@$D % % .

=D % @=@A E= * E=K &4 +$F %4 &4$B %=K @A- % !4 ! =#E@A% , ’J A = = , &4H, E % %= ' =&A- % * $4+ &4H ! &4H, % F$=% @A4 @! F=% ;4% ' A D %$B =K !- @ = 4% A 4 U=K " A 4%.

> % ! 4%$B D $4+ %=A A %= ' =&A% A '4D , %= %$ * $4 %4 &4 E4; 'f A % =K %=A A.

+ '$ ! ! +=&4* 4 A$B + $4+ &4#J + K 4% L-+ =F @ '4% A @A4 A % 4%, ! @$D 4 E$* ! ! +=&4* !4 !- =#E@A% .

P 4*@ A$J ! =' A % @A4 $ !4 ! =#E@A% E=K %= 4% $4+ % H ! &4H.

! %$4 @=@A E J + =F , &4 4 E! @ &4* + E A J - D$J% @!4%%4 U B ! !=A A ! ! +=&4H.

=%; E F$=% @A *, 'K4 =K E %, ! @A=E=K E F, - A D +E4@A * ;4 % =K @$4 4% + 4*@ &4 % H &4H.

+ '$ * $4+ &4 ( +4 'K4 @A4) &4 %=K - A =K @A A D4* &4$B % E = ' @$%=K * D E=K @ DE A4%.

"

## :

+ '$ * $4+ &4 @A A D4H +' A A % 4%, ! @$D, E!$@- =K E$* ! ! +=&4* 4 @=@A E '@$D % % 4+ =K @ DE A K &4$B % D = .

P ' +! ; @!4U H E &4* H 4$B @A4 !4 ! =#E@A% +4 +' A ! &4H &4$B % E = .

E % @=@A E= +' A * ! %$4 $E= +! 4$ ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

A% " A=% H @A A = * D 4+ &4 ' A= +' A % H E F4 !4 ! =#E@A% , L '@$D % # &4$B %=* = .

394

+ '$ ! ! +=&4* 4 ! U @ J+ = 4% $ " E % $B- @4% + $4+ &4H ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

% #; @ !4 D A % * $ D % 4% %= ' =&A% A$4+ &4J ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

E % @=@A E= D @! @B =K +%’ + 4%.

+U= 4$B @A4 %D A E4 %=K D @! @B =K +%’ + 4% @ %4 4$% D ! A @A% .

$4+ &4 !$4% 4+ + ' +! ; ( '@$D % % ) % =K +- E % = 4%.

= %$ ! =;= + =F +' A E=K %= 4% ! &4H !4- ! =#E@A% .

> % ' A= +4 @A=E$J% +' A ! &4H !4 ! =#E@- A% , + 4*@ @ ! A B H $E= * !4 A =E 4E4 F "4 E=.

( # ):

! %$4 D @! @B =E= +%’ + E= !4 ! =#E@A% +4 @! F=%- ; E= * A D %$B =E= ! @ = E=.

P ' +! ; %= !$4% $4+ &4H ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A- % + E$A =, '@ D4% 4 A E4 4% %4 ! %4 ! =* A D %=-! A"$E + E %$B.

; @AB + '$4 !$4% %= ' =&A% , ! @ % * $4+- &4H ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

P 4*@ '$4 * A$J + %= E !$4% E A 4$B--A K 4; D + ' +! ; + E % = 4% A '@$D % % A D %$B- =K ! @ = 4% %4 ! %4 $=K D % 4%.

= + +$D4 B +D F =K 4 + 4!$=K E &4* =K D % K E % %= ' =&A% * $4+ &4H ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% . - @=E$B + %$ %=E D ! !&4% %4 ! %4 F D + E %- $, A =E D !4 ! =#E@A% E.

P 4*@ A$J + $4+ &4#J A % 4%, ! @$D, E$* ! ! +=&4*, @=@A E '@$D % % @A A =E= !4 + 4$E=, ! %’- + =E= +4 +' A E ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

>4 D A % * D 4+ &4 ; @A4 %=@A % K, E K, A- K, ! + A &4 K A 4 U=K A D %-E &4* =K + K K, E- F AB ' A= $4 A A= !4%$J-! F ! &4H !4 ! =- #E@A% .

! %$4 ! & @ E=, ' A E= * E=E= ! &4 E= +' A ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

>4 D A % * %; ! %&4% (! @A % = 4% %4 4 @A=A &4-$B =K + E % = 4%) L @! &="4; =K !=A B @! F=% ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

$4+ 4 &4 " A=% @A4 " &4 % +' A % H E F4 !4 ! =#E@A% A $E A4%, 4 A% JJAB HH (A D %$B =K !4 + 4$4% !4 ! =#E@A% * +$; =K +' A 4 U=K @ '’# A4%).

395

$4+ %= E4@ ; =K, % A$B =K 4 4; =K !$4% +' A ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% . + '$ 4 %F=% + K 4% L $4 %4- &4H D A=% =K %4 K=$B.

+ E 4+ A K 4; =E=, %= ' =;=E= * %-A K 4; =E= !4- + 4$E= ; @AB + '$4 A K$D4* A 4 @A &4* + %= ' =&A% * @! F=% ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

; @AB %=%; 4 ! !=A A % =, ! @$D=, E!$@ 4 E$4 ! ! +=&4* 4 @=@A E= '@$D % % , ! ! % 4 = !4 ! =#E- @A% E.

D$J% %+ #E= +4 @! F=% ; E= * A D %$B =E= ! @- = E=, A F + 4*@ %+ #E + K 4% + =E=.

+ '$ * $4+ &4 + K 4% L $4 %4 &4H 'f A %- =K %=A A +4 +' A ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

>4 D A % E A 4$4% $ + %= ! A +4* 4 ! + %4% @A @ % 4- @A=A &4$B =K @! F=% ;4%, A D %$B =K ! @ = 4%, @ J+ = 4% !$B @ * 4 U=K @ '’# A4% D @! J% , 4 %= JAB E %$ - @A4 + !=A B +' A ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

; @AB +D$4 * + %$4 @ D 4 ! A +4*, ! %’ + =K + !4%$J-! F E 4 %= =@A E ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

$ + % E A 4$B-A K 4; 4 UA= * @ @=, - 'K4 4 $ + 4*@ " &4* $4+ &4H ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

@$J% 4 @A E A 4J E A= D + ! @ % * +' A ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% &4$B %=E @! F=% ; E 4 A D %$B =E !- @ = E.

"

## :

+ '$ * $4+ &4 @A A D4H ' A= +4 @ D E= A ! A- +4 E= 4+ =K A D 4* @! F=% ;4%, A D %$B =K ! @ = 4% 4 @ J+- = 4% ! @A A D4; =K $B @ K.

A% !4 ! =#E@A%4 " A=% H @=@A E= + %$ @ D 4 ! A +4*.

= %$ ! =;= 4 %= =K %= = 4 @ D 4 ! A +4* + ' + E % = 4%.

+ E + %4 4$E=, ! %’ + =E= 4+ ! @ % E !-

&4H !4 ! =#E@A% , D 4+ &4 % @A 4K +%’ + 4% +4 @! F=% ;- E=, A D %$B =E= ! @ = E= * @ J+ = E= ! @A A D4; =K$B @ K.

P @A @ % ! D @=% D @%4 4 U=K !4 ! =#E@A% @" 4 ' A= +4 @ D E= * ! A +4 E= L ! &4H ' 4$B @A4 !4 !- =#E@A% .

396

( # ):

$4+ $E &4* 4 %=+ ; HK B D %!$=% 4E4 F !4 ! =- #E@A% A +' A * D ! &4H &4$B % E = .

E$4+ &4 + %$=K @! F=%;=K ;4 % B 4 &4 HK + ! +=&4* «%=A A= — ! =' A =».

> % ' A= % +' A %=K !4 + 4$K !4 ! =#E@A% L ! =! @A=E @A4 @ D 4 ! A +4* + ' @! F=% ;4%, A D %$B =K ! @ = 4% 4 @ J+ = 4% ! @A A D4; =K $B @ K + ! %= = !4 !- =#E@A% .

$4+ E A 4% +D$ @ D 4 ! A +4* %4 ! %4$B =E= @- ' E= !4 ! =#E@A% , ! %=$B @A4 ! =* AA =E= %4 ! %4 =K 4U B 4 ! U= @%4 *A$4+ &4H "$4 A =K @=A &4*.

P 4*@ A$J ! % =E ' ! @=$B =E $ !4 ! =- #E@A% + %$E 'f A % =K @ D 4 ! A +4* %@A %$ - =* A E4 .

+ '$ @! @ '4% @A %$ * !4 A =E +% A D +%’ + +4 @! F=% ; E=, ! @ = E= * @ E4F = E= ! @A A D4; =K$B @ K 4+ =K A D 4*.

! " " +-

## :

'4 4 %; A D %$B D ! @$.

!A=E4+ &4 D 4+ &4* H @A A = @=@A E= ! %$4 A D- %$B =E ! @$E.

@$J% @$ A D %$B D ! @$ !4 ! =#E@A% * + '$ ! ! +=&4* L * D !$4!U .

; @AB " E % 4, ! U= 4 A +’ @ 4 @ A4 ! A=%- H "4$@ "4H * ! A=% H $BA = !4 ! =#E@A% .

P$; ! + UA A =K @!4% '4A = 4% %= ' =;-E &4*- H 4$B @A4 !4 ! =#E@A% * % ' % ! E4; = 4% 4 U=K D @!- @B =K @A A K, ' A4 =K + &4 %$ !4 ! =#E@A% .

( # ):

+ '$ =A 4H% 4 @! @ '4% ' 4% $ A D %$B- D ! @$ !4 ! =#E@A% .

'4 4% A D %$B D ! @$ * A D %$B =K D A4%,

A F ! + UA A =K @!4% '4A = 4% 4 ! E4; = 4% !4 ! =#E@A% .

' A 4+ + ' +! ; @ E4@ @A4 ;$4% $A=% E A= D- % H @A A =, A F E F 4% 4 ! @$.

397

> U E! E4@4% 4 *A$4+ &4 "$4 A4% E4F @!4% '4A =- E= % ! & @4 HK B H " &4$B H 4$B @A4.

> E J% % UA A ! A 4' =K $ !4 ! =#E@A% " K4%&4% A4% 4 F %-E 4&=!$B =K ! %$4 @B =K @A A .

+ E + 4 U=E= + &4 %$=E= E A= D %=E= !4 + 4$E= !4- ! =#E@A% D 4+ &4 % ' % ! + UA A =K (! =K % =K) @!4%- '4A = 4% +-! E4F ! @$ * @$ E F 4% A4%, 4 @A=- A &4$B =K @! F=% ;4%, @ J+ = 4% ! @A A D4; E $B @ A 4 U=K D 4+ &4*.

$! A ! 4% =&A% E 4 'f A % ! @ %=K !- % B, + K 4% ! * +%4$B ! &4% = 4% +%’ + + ! 4- E ! !=A , ! ' % J E A= D % H @A A =, K$A =E @A %$ - E ' %’ + 4% A 4 U=E= ! =;= E=.

%; * !4 %=L %$4"4 &4H A D %$B D ! @$, ! &4% = 4% 4 ! + UA A =K @!4% '4A = 4% !4 ! =#E@A% .

$4+, + D$B * ! U= % ! A=% =K E F K @- %4 + ! @ % * $4+ &4H ! &4H !4 ! =#E@A% .

398

1.1.\ 4 &4$B %4 = = # *% F$=%4U=E= $ E &4* D @!4K % U D !4 ! =#E@A% ?

1.2.\ ! % E4@A 4@AB F D 4+ &4$B %=K = 4%?

1.3.\ F= JAB@ &4$B %4 = = + E &4* =E= +$B- A A E=?

1.4.\ 4 +E4 = ! D + JAB@ &4$B %=K = K 4 % = E F AB %!$= A= 4$% A=% 4@AB !4 ! =#E@A% ?

1.5.\ 4 ! @! A=% 4 = = %=%; # % U !4 ! =#E@A% $ +U= E &4* =K ! &4*?

0 2. $+/)%(

2.1.\ + %$B JAB@ %=E D= @! F=% ;4% @A @ % E-$A = * @ A=E A4%?

2.2.W= # ! % ! =K A % 4%?

0 3. #7+L(/)K!, 7+ &7J!, :!R"$(

3.1.\ 4 "4 E= % @ % E ! JAB A % = % U D !4 ! =- #E@A% * L %!$=% # HK 4 4U ! ! ! ?

3.2.\ 4 ! A '= ! !&4%, ! @! A=% 4 HK +E4 = * @! @ '= + %$?

3.3.QA E F ' A= ! A &4* =E ! !& E A % F- E &4$B % E = ?

0 4. G+/"!]"R #'%'D+/(T'

4.1. \ 4 @ @= 'K4 4 % U E !4 ! =#E@A% $ + 4*@-@% #H 4$B @A4?

0 5. J!:! )% '$("*&

5.1.\ 4 %D A E4 %4, @ B A E4 %4 * A A E4- %4 &4$4 !4 ! =#E@A% 4 % = %+ #E ! %’ + 4?

5.2.W= %4 ! %4 JAB &4 &4$4 ! @A=F * 4E4 F !4 ! =#E@A% ?

0 6. 7%+*%) ) )% '$("*&

6.1.\ J # D$'$B @A A D4 !4 ! =#E@A% * 4E %4 4@AB @ D &4$* E A= D ?

6.2.W= # !4 ! =#E@A%4 4; =* !$ E A= D , ;= + 4*@- J#AB@ @=A &4* =* $4+?

399

+ . (

0 7. +%*)"!G)J!; )% '$("*&

7.1.\ '= #AB@ ! @$ @$F'= E A= D ?

7.2.\ %4 ! %4$B 4@AB F D @!4% '4A = + $4+- &4J E A= D %=K + K 4%?

0 8. +%*)"!G)J!; $+%*!/:!

8.1.\ ;=@$B 4@AB, @! &4$4+ &4 , ! " @4* =* 4% B A- D %$B D ! @$ % U D !4 ! =#E@A% ?

8.2.\ 4 ! ' ; % 4 '@ D= ! F 4 @! @ '= &4 = - +$BA A4% ' A= A D %$B D ! @$?

8.3.\ 4 + D$B 4 %=A A= = =&J ! D A % ?

0 9. H+% &/)""; 7+7($& \ #$( &:Q/)""; GC&$&

9.1.\ ! D E = % U E !4 ! =#E@A%4?

9.2.\ D 4+ % $E ?

400