2. Syntactic notions.

The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units). No unit can be used independently; it serves as an element in the system of other units. This kind of meaning is called syntactic. Formal relation of units to one another is studied by syntactics (or syntax). Only inner (syntactic) relations between linguistic units served the basis for linguistic analysis while the reference of words to the objective reality and language users were actually not considered

3. Coordinations, Parataxis.

In grammar, coordination refers to the linking of syntactically equal elements. Coordinating conjunctions are often, though not always, used in coordination. Coordinations can generally be classified as syndetic, asyndetic, or polysyndetic. Coordination may be compared with subordination

Parataxis (from Greek for 'act of placing side by side'; fr. para, beside + tassein, to arrange; contrasted to syntaxis) is a literary technique, in writing or speaking, that favors short, simple sentences, often without the use of conjunctions. It is a style much favoured by historians and writers of crime fiction.

4. Hypotaxis.

Hypotaxis [fr. Gk. subjection, fr. hypotassein to arrange under] : syntactic subordination (as by a conjunction). So in grammar, the syntactic subordination of one clause or construction to another. Antonym: parataxis

11. Simple sentence.

A simple sentence contains one subject and one verb. The subject (sometimes called the object) comes before the verb. The verb comes after the subject to describe what the subject is doing or has done.

The singer bowed. Noun phrase / Subject = The singer Verb phrase / Verb = bowed

The baby cried. Noun phrase / Subject = The baby Verb phrase / Verb = cried

The girl ran. Noun phrase / Subject = The girl Verb phrase / Verb = ran

In traditional grammar the noun phrase is called the subject.

16. The utterance

Speechcan be described as an act of producing voice through the use of the vocal cords and vocal apparatus or other means, such as sign language, to create linguistic acts in the form of language that communicate information from an initiator to a recipient. In more colloquial terms, speech can be described in several different ways:

• A linguistic act designed to convey information.

• Various types of linguistic acts where the audience consists of more than one individual, including public speaking, oration, and quotation.

• The physical act of speaking, primarily through the use of vocal cords to produce voice. See phonology and linguistics for more detailed information on the physical act of speaking.

However, speech can also take place inside one's head, known as intrapersonal communication, for example, when one thinks or utters sounds of approval or disapproval. At a deeper level, one could even consider subconscious processes, including dreams where aspects of oneself communicate with each other (see Sigmund Freud), as part of intrapersonal communication, even though most human beings do not seem to have direct access to such communication.