25. Mood.

In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. Many languages express distinctions of mood through morphology, by changing (inflecting) the form of the verb.

Grammatical mood is not the same thing as grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used to express more than one of these concepts at the same time.1 Admirative mood 2 Cohortative mood 3 Conditional mood 4 Dubitative mood 5 Energetic mood 6 Eventive mood 7 Generic mood 8 Hypothetical mood 9 Imperative mood 10 Indicative mood 11 Declarative mood 12 Interrogative mood 13 Jussive mood 14 Negative mood 15 Optative mood 16 Potential mood 17 Presumptive mood 18 Subjunctive mood

26. Adjectives and adverbs.

The adjective is a part of speech denoting quality of substance:

size ( big, enormous )

color ( yellow, white )

age ( young, old )

material ( wooden, metal )

physiological state ( angry, happy).

The main syntactical functions of an adjective are those of an attribute and a predicative:

Morphological characteristicsof an adjective are divided into:

- simple

- derivative→ productive → unproductive.

- compound

3. Classification of adjective.

By meaning and grammatical characteristics they are divided into two groups:

qualitative

realative.

Qualitative adjectivesdenote qualities of a substance directly not threw it’s relation to another substance as: size, shape, color, physical and mental quality.

Realative adjectivesdenote qualities of a substance directly threw it’s relation to:

material ( woolen, silk)

place ( Italian, ancient)

time ( monthly, weekly)

the number of them is limited in English.

Syntax.

1. Syntax as a part of grammar.

Syntax, originating from the Greek words συν (syn, meaning "co-" or "together") and τάξις (táxis, meaning "sequence, order, arrangement"), can in linguistics be described as the study of the rules, or "patterned relations" that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. It concerns how different words (which, going back to Dionysios Thrax, are categorized as nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) are combined into clauses, which, in turn, are combined into sentences. Syntax attempts to systematize descriptive grammar, and is unconcerned with prescriptive grammar (see Prescription and description).

There exist innumerable theories of formal syntax — theories that have in time risen or fallen in influence. Most theories of syntax at least share two commonalities: First, they hierarchically group subunits into constituent units (phrases). Second, they provide some system of rules to explain patterns of acceptability/grammaticality and unacceptability/ungrammaticality. Most formal theories of syntax offer explanations of the systematic relationships between syntactic form and semantic meaning.

There are various theories as to how best to make grammars such that by systematic application of the rules, one can arrive at every phrase marker in a language (and hence every sentence in the language).

A modern approach to combining accurate descriptions of the grammatical patterns of language with their function in context is that of systemic functional grammar, an approach originally developed by Michael A.K. Halliday in the 1960s and now pursued actively in all continents. Systemic-functional grammar is related both to feature-based approaches such as Head-driven phrase structure grammar and to the older functional traditions of European schools of linguistics such as British Contextualism and the Prague School.

A syntactic category is either a phrasal category, such as noun phrase or verb phrase, which can be decomposed into smaller syntactic categories, or a lexical category, such as noun or verb, which cannot be further decomposed.

In terms of phrase structure rules, phrasal categories can occur to the left side of the arrow while lexical categories cannot.

The lexical categories are traditionally called the parts of speech. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and so on.