LESSON 15

Future Perfect Tense. Прямая и косвенная речь. (Повторение). Сравнение The Future Simple Tense и The Future Perfect Tense. Модальные глаголы should, ought to.

Text 1

English is a World Language

Today English has become a world language. In Shakespeare’s time it was a “provincial” language of a secondary importance with only 5 million native speakers. Nowadays English has become the world’s most important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations. In the number of speakers (400 million) it is the second after Chinese. It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Irish Republic, it is also spoken as a second language by many people in Asia and Africa.

Even more widely English is studied and used as a foreign language. In this respect it acquired an international status. It is used for communication across frontiers, listening to broadcasts, reading books and newspapers, in commerce and travel. Half of the world ‘s scientific literature is in English. English is associated with technological and economic development of the great manufacturing countries and it is the principal language of international aid. One should say that English is not an easy language to learn. There is a big problem of spelling, of the large number of exceptions to any rule. English is one of those languages which may seem easy at the beginning, but then the bridge between basic knowledge and mastery takes a long time to cross. But if you do cross this bridge it will give you great satisfaction.

People want to learn English in particular not only because it is the language of such great countries as the USA and Great Britain, but also because it has become the international language. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated man, for every good specialist.

Text 2

Language Learning

Let’s analyse why it’s so important to learn foreign languages. Today one of the most burning problems for young specialists all over the world is getting a good and well paid job. Usually it requires knowledge of one or sometimes several foreign languages. These and many other factors explain why it’s so necessary to know foreign languages. The more languages you know the bigger amount of information you can obtain, the more educated and intelligent you are. Just imagine, if you know English and Russian languages

you are capable of getting 74% of world’s information. And finally isn’t it pleasant to go to any country in the world and be able to understand what is going on around you?

Besides knowing one or more foreign languages has a formative function. It makes it possible to know different ways of thinking, to understand other peoples, it gives you a chance to become acquainted with new literature, different culture and to broaden your knowledge.

There are several basic techniques that a person can use to learn a foreign language. These are listening, speaking, reading and writing. All four of them develop all kinds of memory a human being possesses.

Through watching TV, listening to the radio in the language you study, you learn more and more words and expressions that were unknown to you before. You also train your ear and improve and correct your pronunciation.

While speaking you develop the ability to communicate thoughts and express your feelings to other people. One of the best ways to do that is talking more and more to your mates, your teachers and even to native speakers which is the best of all three.

It’s for sure there would be no progress in your language studies without reading. The best thing to start with is special texts in textbooks, then you may get down to reading the original literature which is much more interesting and useful.

And then don’t forget writing is vitally important to train your vision memory in English. Writing exercises, letters, essays is essentially important for you while memorising the spelling of the words you learn.

Of course, only applying all four techniques you can attain high results in language learning.

Text 3

Provide the sentences with prepositions. Read the text. Translate the letter into Russian in writing.

English Classes

Stuart Treece, a professor of English, has just had lunch. He is going … the college now. He has a lecture … 3 o’clock in the afternoon. Professor Treece has lectures twice a week, … Mondays and Fridays. After the lecture he is going to have an English conversation class with his students. Conversation is a very important aspect … language study and naturally Prof. Treece is eager to help his students.

Prof. Treece has been teaching English … foreign students … quite a long time. He has been working … this field for about, ten years, in fact.

Stuart Treece was always good at languages … school, so he decided to take his degree in modern languages. When he finished his University studies … Oxford, he began teaching in a grammar school … England. Two years

later, however … chance, he met one … his acquaintances who offered him a job teaching English … foreign students. Since then he has been working with adults and he enjoys his work greatly.

Prof. Treece has already tried different methods … teaching but … his opinion he has not found a completely satisfactory way yet. He spoke to many of his students and they told him that the explanations were easy to understand, but he is still trying to improve them.

Mary Berg is one of Prof. Treece’s best students. This is what she writes … her letter to her sister:

“Dear Ann. I am happy to tell you that things are going well … the university. You know I felt homesick when I came here but now I’m beginning to feel … home at college. I love college. I like the girls and the teachers and the classes and the campus.

We are having examinations … this week. We’ve been studying hard through all the term and now that the exams are not far off, it’s gotten even worse. You should see the way this college is studying. I was ill a few weeks ago and had to miss (only) several days, and, can you imagine, when I came back, I saw that I had fallen … the group and had to do all my best to catch … with the students.

I am a bit afraid to take the examination … English. Because, though the teachers say I have a good command … the language, at times it’s difficult … me to understand the teacher’s speech. It depends very much on the teacher.

But … general I’ve picked up the language rather quickly. I think the atmosphere helped a lot. And I’m going to master it.

I prepare my lessons carefully and up to the present my marks have been good so far. But the exams are coming. I’ll have to sit … them. I hope I won’t fail and will pass them successfully. Wish me good luck. Good-bye for now.

***

Exams

-Margaret is looking happy this evening.

-She did well in her English, you know.

-What was her mark?

-Excellent. She worked hard on the language. She read much for the exam. And what about Jane? Did she get through?

-On the contrary. She failed. And no wonder! She cut lectures, did not attend seminars and was late for tutorials, as a rule. And worked by fits and starts!

-Then it serves her right! And when will your exams begin?

-Soon. I am to take an exam in Linguistics next week. Here is the time-table of my exams.

-You are nervous, aren’t you?

-Of course I am. Everybody is.

-Are you revising for your exams now?

-Not yet. Before the exam we are going to have a test in English. I’m revising for it.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect Tense.

1. In a fortnight’s time we (take) our exams. 2. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening. 3. By the end of next year I (be) here twenty-five years. 4. I’ll still be here next summer but Tom (leave). 5. I (finish) this job in twenty minutes. 6. By next winter they (build) four houses in that field. 7. By the end of my university course I (attend) 1,200 lectures. 8. By the end of the term I (read) all the books on the list. 9. I’m going to Hyde Park to hear the people making speeches. – You’ll be too late. By the time you get there they (finish) their speeches and everybody (go) home. 10. By the end of the month 5,000 people (see) this exhibition. 11. After this performance I (see) “Hamlet” twenty-two times. 12. Tourist: We’ve only got five hours in Rome, we are leaving at six; but I’m sure that we (see) everything of importance by then. 13. Householder to Zoo official: One of your elephants is in my garden eating my tomatoes. Zoo official: The elephant keeper will be with you in half an hour. – Householder – Your elephant (eat) all my tomatoes by then. 14. By half past seven we (have) supper. 15. By the end of the year I (read) three of Shakespeare’s plays. 16. He (finish) the construction of the house before summer. 17. I hope you (not forget) all about the Future Perfect Tense by the next lesson.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: Future Simple, Future Continuous or Future Perfect.

1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (to do) my homework at six o’clock tomorrow. 3. I (to do) my homework by six o’clock tomorrow. 4. When I come home tomorrow, my family (to have) supper. 5. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. I (to do) my homework by the time you come. 6. Don’t come to my place tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening. 7.I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. I (to watch) TV the whole evening. 8. What you (to do) tomorrow? 9. What you (to do) at eight o’clock tomorrow? 10. You (to play) volley-ball tomorrow? 11. You (to do) this work by next Sunday? 12. When you (to go) to see your friend next time? 13. How many pages you (to read) by five o’clock tomorrow? 14. Tomorrow I (to begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from school. I (to do) my homework from three till six. My father (to come) home at seven o’clock tomorrow. I (to do) all my homework by the time he comes, and we (to go) for a walk together.

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.

1.The children (play) in the garden yesterday. 2. She just (boil) an egg.

3.It (be) cold last week. 4. He already (paint) the door. 5. I just (type) the letter. 6. Mary (stay) at home last summer. 7. We already (air) the room. 8. I (clean) the room yesterday evening. 9. They already (open) the windows.

10.She just (wash) her hands. 11. We (look) at those pictures yesterday morning. 12. They (wait) for their friends last Sunday. 13. We (be) at home yesterday. 14. She (want) to talk to them yesterday.

Exercise 4. Translate the following into English using the Present Simple, the Present Continuous, the Past Simple or the Present Perfect Tense.

1. В понедельник на прошлой неделе шел сильный дождь. 2. Мой от˝ец обычно завтракает в половине восьмого. 3. Петр обычно делае˝т домашнее задание перед ужином. Он уже сделал домашнее задание? – Нет˝, он все еще его делает. 4. Почему вы идете так быстро? – Я иду быстро, п˝отому что я замерз. Я никогда не хожу быстро летом. 5. Мой брат никог˝да не носит шляпу летом. 6. В тот вечер я смотрел телевизор. 7. Почта˝льон обычно приходит в восемь часов вечера. Сейчас уже половин˝а девятого, а он все еще не пришел. 8. Каждый вечер я смотрю телевизор. 9. Слу˝жащие заканчивают работу в шесть часов вечера. 10. Моему соседу ок˝оло семидесяти лет, но он все еще работает. Когда он был молодым˝, он иногда работал даже ночами. 11. Боюсь, я проиграл эту партию в шахмат˝ы (this game of chess). Я играл очень плохо. Обычно я играю намного лучше. 12.

Она еще не брала своего маленького сына в театр, но уже води˝ла его в кино в первый раз несколько дней назад. 13. В школе он играл в ˝футбол. 14. Я не играл в футбол с 1983 года. 15. Маленькая девочка часто помо˝гает своей матери. 16. Автор – еще молодой человек. Он написал свою˝ первую книгу в 1985 году. 17. Сейчас 7 часов утра; ребенок уже проснулся. В˝чера утром он проснулся гораздо раньше. 18. Мария обычно очень вн˝имательно слушает учителя, но сейчас она не слушает, у нее болит голов˝а.

Exercise 5. A. Put “should” or “shouldn’t” in the spaces. Translate the Sentences into Russian.

1. You … argue with your father; you … obey him. 2. Mothers … look after their children. 3. What are you doing here? You … be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat doesn’t suit you; you … buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone … be much more careful. 6. The teacher told us that we … write the meanings of new words in our notebooks. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he … wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they … always say “Please” and “Thank you”. 9. The old man’s eyes are weak, and he … read without glasses.

B. Put “ought to” or “oughtn’t to” in the spaces. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The policeman tells the driver that he … drive more carefully. 2. I tell the boys that they … swim near the bridge, because it was dangerous. 3, My uncle is nearly seventy years old. He is still working but he … retire. 4. The woman is looking ill. She … see a doctor. 5. He is tired. He … work very hard. 6. The teacher tells Tom that he … make so many careless mistakes. 8. The doctor tells the fat man that he … eat so much. 9. I … finish this work today, but I am very tired.

Exercise 6. Put “can”, “may”, “must”, “should”, “ought to”, “have to”, “be to”, “be able to” (or the negative forms) and “needn’t” in the spaces.

1. The doctor said, “The child is very ill. He … be taken to the hospital at once.” 2. A man … help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we … walk. 4. Everybody … learn a foreign language. 5. We … live without food and water. We … eat and drink. 6. I … get up early tomorrow, so I … go to bed late tonight. 7. You … drive a car at night without lights. 8. Tom’s father told him that he … ask silly questions. 9. Man

…live by bread alone. 10. The matter … be discussed in tomorrow’s debate. 11. You … sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They … do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them. 13. You … do whatever you like. 14. We … go away just yet; our train doesn’t leave for half an hour yet. 15. I … read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure. 16. Why … I go there? 17. She … sing quite well. 18. You … say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand. 19.

…I use your phone? – You … ask for permission; you … use it whenever you like. 20. You … leave your dog with us if you don’t want to take him with you. 21. You … take the horse to water but you … make it drink. 22. The ice is quite thick. We … walk on it. 23. If you don’t know the meaning of a word you … use a dictionary. 24. He … swim very soon.

Exercise 7. Insert “hard” or “hardly”.

Note: “hard” means “difficult, not easy”; “hardly” can have several meanings: when used with “could/ can”, it means “only with difficulty”; used with “any”, it means “very little”; used with “ever”, it means “very seldom”.

1. The one who works … has little fear of failing an exam. 2. The life of an inventor used to be very…. He had … any time to waste. 3. She was so tired that she could … stand. 4. He spoke too fast and it was … to understand him. 5. I … ever use my telephone because it is often out of order. 6. It was… for her to admit that her son was a failure.

Exercise 8. Put the following statements into Indirect Speech.

1. She said, “I shall finish my work by the end of this month.” 2. He said “I went to get this book because I have not read it.” 3. He said, “I have spoken to Mr. Brown and he will be here in an hour.” 4. She wrote to me, “I am looking forward to your visit.” 5. They asked us, “Will you be able to attend our conference this week?” 6. She said to me, “Give me time to think.” 7. The teacher asked the new pupil, “What is your name?” 8. The teacher said to the student, “Repeat this story from beginning to end.” 9. He said, “The delegation will arrive tomorrow and will be met by our representatives.” 10. He said to me, “Are you familiar with this text? Do you understand every word?” 11. He asked the girl, “How did you manage to carry that heavy box? Why didn’t you ask me to help you?”

ADDITIONAL READING

Learning by Heart

Some people have good memories, and can easily learn quite long poems by heart. But they often forget them almost as quickly as they learn them. There are other people who can only remember things when they have said them over and over, but when they do know them they don’t forget them.

Charles Dickens, a famous English author, said that he could walk down any long street in London and then tell you the name of every shop he had passed. Many of the great men of the world have had wonderful memories.

A good memory is a great help in learning a language. Everybody learns his own language by remembering what he hears when he is a small child, and some children who live abroad with their parents seem to learn two languages almost as easily as one. In school it is not so easy to learn a second language, because the pupils have so little time for it, and they are busy with other subjects as well.

The best way for most of us to remember things is to join them in our mind with something which we know already, orwhich we easily remember because we have a picture of it in our mind. That is why it is better to learn words in sentences, not by themselves; or to see, or do, or feel what a word means when we first use it.

The human mind is rather like a camera, but it takes photographs not only of what we see but of what we feel, hear, smell and taste. When we take a real photograph with a camera, there is much to do before the photograph is finished and ready to be shown to our friends. In the same way, there is much work to be done before we can make a picture remain for ever in the mind.

Memory is the diary that we all carry about with us.