module1_sample

3.классификация

4.быстротвердеющий цемент

5.медленно схватывающийся цемент (цемент с замедленным сроком схватывания)

6.цемент высшего качества

7.отвечать требованиям

8.вода для затворения цементного раствора

9.время начала схватывания

10.прочность на сжатие, реологические свойства

5.Mark the correct sentences with the letter T and the false ones with the letter F.

1.Cements are used universally in well completion operations to fill the annular space between the casing and the open hole.

2.10 types of cement are identified by the API.

3.Cement is used to seal off lost circulation (or thief) zones.

4.Classes B and C are used across a major part of geographical area.

5.Type of mixing water doesn't influence the cement properties.

6.Water ratio is gallons of water required per sack of cement to make slurry.

7.Most slurries are mixed with an amount of water that provides a set volume equal to the slurry volume without freewater separation.

8.Primary casing cementing is performed immediately after casing has been run into the hole.

9.Slurry density isn't the same property as slurry weight.

10.Fluid density isn't influenced by anything since it is in the well.

6.Complete the paragraph below using the given words and expressions.

Finely ground, heated, react chemically, cements, to form, proportions, material

________ consist of limestone (or other materials high in calcium carbonate), clay or shale, and some iron and aluminium oxides (if not found in quantity in the clay or shale). These dry materials are ________ and mixed thoroughly in the correct ________ , either dry (dry process), or with water (wet process). The mixture is ________ to very high temperatures causing the ingredients to ________ , resulting in ________ called clinker. The clinker is ground with a controlled amount of gypsum ________ cement.

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Revision box

7.Fill in the gaps with the given words and word combinations.

Great enough, densometer, cement slurry weight, affected by, primary cementing job, monitored, changes, thickening time.

Slurry density or ________ should, except for squeeze jobs, be ________

to maintain well control. As a result, slurry densities are always carefully

________ . In the field, it can be done either manually with a pressure balanced scale or automatically with a ________ to avoid a poor ________ , a slurry must be maintained at its proper density. While on the job, one must be alert to slurry property ________ that can be the result of improper slurry density. The slurry properties most ________ changes in density are: flow characteristics, settling, fluid loss, ________ , etc.

1.Цементы используют повсеместно в работах по освоению скважин для заполнения кольцевого пространства между обсадной колонной и стенкой скважины.

2.Одна из основных функций первичного цементирования это герметизация зон поглощения.

3.Американский нефтяной институт определил девять типов цемента по химическому составу и физическим свойствам.

4.Характеристики цемента могут быть изменены для того, чтобы отвечать условиям конкретных работ.

5.Водоцементное отношение, или необходимое количество галлонов воды на мешок цемента, является важным фактором при определении времени, в течение которого цементный раствор сохраняет способность прокачиваться насосом, и прочности цемента на сжатие.

6.Большинство растворов перемешиваются с таким количеством воды, которое обеспечивает образование определенного объема цементного раствора без отделения свободной воды.

7.Если в растворе слишком мало воды, раствор будет густым, его будет трудно перекачивать и ускорится затвердевание.

8.Для того, чтобы избежать некачественного цементирования, требуется поддерживать необходимую плотность цементного раствора.

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9.Выход цементного раствора — это количество кубических футов раствора, получаемого из мешка цемента, исходя из данного количества воды для затворения.

10.Время, необходимое цементу до момента, когда его нельзя закачивать, называется временем начала схватывания.

11.Остановка в процессе продавливания раствора ускоряет схватывание и раствор затвердевает быстрее.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING FOR MODULE 1 (Units1—4b)

Types of Drilling Rigs and Structures (to be read after Unit 1)

Rigs are generally categorized as onshore (land) or offshore (marine). Onshore rigs are all similar, and many modern rigs are of the cantilevered mast, or «jackknife» derrick type. This type of rig allows the derrick to be assembled on the ground, and then raised to the vertical position using power from the drawworks, or hoisting system. These structures are made up of prefabricated sections that are moved onto the location by truck, barge, helicopter, etc., and then placed in position and pinned together by large steel pins. Some cantilevered land rigs have their mast permanently attached to a large truck to enhance their portability.

The diagram shows a typical large land rig with a drilling mast. On location the mast is usually set upon a sub structure 8 ft. to 40 ft. (2.4 m to 12.2 m) high. The older standard derrick is the familiar four legged structure that had to be completely disassembled every time the rig was moved (or else left in place over

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the well). These derricks are not often used on land today. Rigs are rated according to their drawwork's horse power, mud pump horsepower, and load bearing capacity. The load bearing capacity can be translated to a depth limitation depending on the size of the drillpipe. A few rigs are capable of drilling to depths of 30,000 ft. (9144 m) and hoisting loads of 1,500,000 lbs (680,440 kg). Some modern rigs employ an independent jacking system with hydraulic cylinders to support the heavy load generated by a casing string's weight, thereby increasing the capacity of the rig.

How to Get a Job (to be read after Unit 2)

So you're thinking about a field job in the oil industry. If you haven't been involved in the oil patch before, you probably have no idea how vast it is, or where to start your job search. Many sites will try to convince you that you can get a job on an offshore rig making $10,000 a month without any experience or training at all, and while this is possible, it's not at all likely. Actually, it can be tough to find a job in any field of the oil industry without some experience or training.

First, you should realize that the oil industry isn't just drilling rigs, pumpjacks, and gas stations. The oil industry is a lot like the military in that it employs people in nearly every profession. There are positions such as roughneck, that are very specific to the oil industry; but there are also welders, medics, chemists, biologists, environmentalists, cooks, computer programmers, engineers, and a thousand more positions that are absolutely essential to the industry. You don't have to have experience specifically in the oil industry in order to have relevant experience.

The oil patch is a little bit different from most other industries. You'll soon lose the idea of a weekend as you now know it... The patch runs seven days a week, and in many cases, 24 hours a day. You'll be expected to work every day in all weather conditions, for weeks or even months at a time. The oil industry is also very production oriented; you'll make more money welding in the oil patch than in another industry, but you'll work longer and harder for that bigger paycheck.

There are a few prerequisites if you want a field job in the oil patch:

You must be in reasonably good physical condition, and be able to lift at least 50 lbs. regularly.

For most positions, you must have a valid driver's license.

You must have suitable clothing for extended outdoor work and in most cases, hard toed safety boots.

You should not have any medical condition which would make it unsafe for you to operate machinery.

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You don't need to live in the city where your employer is located, but in most cases you will have to provide your own transportation to and from your home from the employer's location (point of hire). If you live a long way from any areas with oil and gas activity, you will have a very difficult time finding an entry level job in this industry.

You must be willing and able to work hard for long hours. This industry is all about production, and if you don't produce, you're not an asset to the company.

Much of the work in the oil industry is very physically demanding, especially in the entry level positions. There is no upper age limit, but you should be willing and able to work hard for long hours, lift 50 lbs. regularly, and be in relatively good physical condition. If you have back or other health problems that prevent strenuous activity, you may want to reconsider this line of work. Most companies require employees to be at least 18 years old. A recent hearing test and/or medical evaluation may be required.

You should know that while you can make a lot of money in a month in the oil patch, you can also make no money in a month. Most oilfield work isn't very stable, and you'll occasionally find yourself laid off on short notice due to a shortage of work... and called back on even shorter notice. Many people in Canada work in the oil industry during the winter while it's busy, then take the spring and summer off, or work non oilfield summer jobs.

Fishing Operations (to be read after Unit 3)

Regardless of the precautions that are taken to avoid the loss of wireline tools in the well, it is inevitable that even the most careful operator will lose wireline and tools in the well occasionally. Well conditions cannot always be known or anticipated.

When tools are lost in the well, the method required to retrieve the tools depends on many different factors. Well conditions, completion design, the tools that were lost, and alternatives to fishing must be considered before beginning the fishing job. Consideration should also be given to the reason the tools were lost. Each fishing job is different because the circumstances are never the same from one well to the next.

If the wireline work is contracted, the next step is for the engineer or operator and wireline specialist to sit down together and discuss the situation. Together they should decide the best way to fish the tools from the well. After a procedure is decided upon, a list of the fishing tools needed should be made. If the needed tools are not on location, arrangements should be made to get them to the location. The success or failure of many fishing jobs is determined by what is done or is not done during the planning stages of the job.

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The attitudes of the field engineer and the wireline specialist may play an important role in the eventual success of the job. Many times a simple fishing job becomes complicated simply because the specialist tries to «cut corners» and quickly fish the tools from the well. This often results in something being overlooked because the situation was never adequately analyzed. Once a procedure has been agreed upon and the proper tools are on location, the fishing job may begin.

Although a multitude of situations might require that fishing operations be performed, this discussion is limited to only a few examples of how a fishing job might be performed. Each actual situation should be evaluated, and the procedure used should be matched to the well conditions and downhole circumstances.

One rule is almost universally accepted as the best way to perform a fishing job. Fish the wireline first and then fish the tool string. This requires that the wire be cut from the tools.

Cementing Programme (to be read after Units 4a, b)

The primary purposes of cement are to seal the annulus between casing and formation, and to support the casing strings. The slurry selections and placement techniques vary widely, depending on the types of formation, well temperatures, hole and casing sizes, hole enlargement, formation pressures, and depths and loads of the casing strings.

The well planner must determine all of the conditions and requirements, select slurries that are appropriate, and prescribe placement and evaluation techniques that ensure effective results.

All this should be presented in the cement program in a concise manner, and appropriate instructions should be included in the drilling procedures section.

There is a large body of cementing technology with which the well planner should be familiar. Cementing company handbooks are the most readily available source illustrating the many variations in slurry compositions available for special conditions. Manufacturers catalogues are the most ready source of equipment choices. Cementing technology cannot be covered in depth here, but the principal concerns of the well planner are discussed.

Requirements and Considerations

The casing, hole sizes, depths, and the mud weight and type determined previously are the basic data for cement design.

Surface strings that support subsequent strings should be cemented to the surface with an excess of cement to ensure uncontaminated cement at the surface. Top fill with strong cement is necessary if the primary cement falls

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back. This is sometimes advisable even after circulation to the surface in order to place strong, uncontaminated cement at the top of the string. Top filling is done through 1 in. pipe lowered alongside the casing.

For subsequent strings, the desired height of the cement column must be determined and calculated with annular volume to determine cement volume requirements. Caliper logs should be used and some excess (usually 10 to 20%) specified, based on area experience, to ensure cement fill to the desired height. In some cases, only bit gauge is known, and a larger excess (usually 50%) should be specified to compensate for washout. This, too, depends on area experience.

The following are other considerations that affect volume requirements: The cement height should be sufficient to minimize casing buckling during

subsequent drilling;

The upper portion of a cement job often shows poor bonding as a result of insufficient contact time (the time that a given depth is flushed by cement). All intervals that must be securely cemented need a minimum (recommended) contact time of ten minutes;

Potential lost circulation problems often require the use of a light, scouring, lead slurry nearly matching the mud density, followed by denser, strong (neat) cement through potential producing intervals, or for the lower part of surface and intermediate string annuli. This is also more economical than using all neat cement;

Two stage cementing may be used with separate volume calculations for each stage;

Liners should be cemented with an excess to be left inside casing. This provides less contaminated cement at the liner top.

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