- •Ssd2: Introduction to Computer Systems contents
- •Prerequisites
- •Course Textbook
- •Hardware/Software Requirements
- •The purpose of ssd2 is for students to
- •Students successfully completing ssd2 will be able to
- •1.1 Overview of Computer Systems
- •1.1.1 Components of a Computer System
- •Hardware System
- •Software System—Operating System Software and Application Software
- •Network System
- •1.2 Evolution of Computer Systems
- •1.2.1 Brief History
- •1200S—Manual Calculating Devices
- •1600S—Mechanical Calculators
- •1800S—Punched Cards
- •1940S—Vacuum Tubes
- •1950S—Transistors
- •1960S—Integrated Circuits
- •1970S to Present—Microprocessor
- •Pace of Advancement
- •1.2.2 Applications of Computer Systems
- •In Education Multimedia-Facilitated Learning
- •Simulation-Based Education
- •Intelligent Machine-Based Training
- •Interactive Learning
- •In Business Supply Chain Management
- •Project Management
- •Customer Relationship Management
- •Sales and Marketing Using Electronic Commerce
- •Manufacturing Research
- •In Entertainment Movies
- •Video Games
- •1.3 Data Representation in a Computer System
- •1.3.1 Bits and Bytes
- •Data Representation Using Binary Digits
- •Increasing Need for Bytes
- •1.3.2 Number Systems
- •Decimal
- •Hexadecimal
- •Learning Exercise
- •2.1 Processor and Memory
- •2.1.1 Processor Basics
- •Processor
- •Instruction Execution with the cpu
- •Performance: Factors and Measures
- •Types of Processors
- •2.1.2 Types of Memory
- •Cmos Memory
- •Summary
- •2.1.3 Lab: Benchmarking (Optional)
- •2.2 Peripherals
- •2.2.1 Connecting Peripherals
- •Expansion Slots and Cards
- •Usb and FireWire
- •Comparing Different Ports
- •2.2.2 Buses
- •2.2.3 Input/Output Devices
- •Input Devices
- •Cameras
- •Digital Camcorders
- •Scanners
- •Output Devices: Monitors and Projectors
- •Crt Monitors
- •Lcd Monitors
- •Projectors
- •Output Devices: Printers
- •Ink Printers
- •Dye-Sublimation Printers
- •Laser Printers
- •Comparing Printers
- •2.3 Storage Devices
- •2.3.1 Disk Controller Interfaces
- •Ide Interface
- •Eide Master/Slave
- •2.3.2 Mass Storage
- •How Mass Storage Devices Differ from ram
- •Disk Drive Reliability
- •Optical Media: cDs versus dvDs
- •Magnetic Media
- •Optical versus Magnetic
- •Solid State
- •Comparing Storages
- •2.4 Putting Together the Hardware Components
- •2.4.1 How Components Work Together
- •2.4.2 Lab: Researching a Computer System
- •2.4.3 Lab: Online Configuration
- •2.5 Improving Computer Performance
- •2.5.1 Moore's Law
- •2.5.2 Bottlenecks
- •Bottlenecks—Slowing a Process
- •Typical Bottlenecks
- •Eliminating Bottlenecks
- •2.5.3 Throughput and Latency
- •Unit 3. Operating System Software
- •3.1 Structure
- •3.1.1 Layers of Software
- •Layers and Process Management
- •Encapsulation and Abstraction
- •Layers of Software
- •3.1.2 The bios: Life at the Bottom
- •The Role of the bios
- •Changing bios Settings
- •3.1.3 Process Control
- •3.1.4 Lab: The Task Manager
- •3.2 Device Management and Configuration
- •3.2.1 Interrupt Handling
- •Interrupts
- •Interrupt Priority and Nested Interrupts
- •Traps and Faults
- •3.2.2 Hardware Attributes
- •Installing Drivers
- •Changing a Driver's Configuration
- •3.2.3 Configuration
- •3.2.4 Lab: Device Management
- •3.3 Resource Sharing
- •3.3.1 Virtual Memory
- •Managing Memory
- •Relocation
- •Virtual Memory
- •3.3.2 File and Printer Sharing
- •Printers
- •3.4 File Systems
- •3.4.1 File Organization
- •Folders
- •Shortcuts
- •File Names and Types
- •3.4.2 File Allocation Table and nt File System
- •Clusters and File Allocation Tables
- •Nt File System
- •Unit 4. Application Software
- •4.1 Software Basics
- •4.2 Using Software Systems
- •4.2.1 Lab: dos Commands
- •4.2.2 Lab: Macros
- •4.2.3 Lab: Embedding Application Objects
- •4.3 Batch Script Files
- •4.3.1 Advanced Command-Line Functions
- •Dos Command Syntax
- •Review of File System Commands
- •Wildcard Characters
- •Redirection and Piping
- •4.3.2 Batch File Commands
- •Batch Files
- •Commands
- •4.3.3 Lab: Creating a Batch File
- •Example of a Batch File
- •Example of a Batch File with Arguments
- •4.4 Databases
- •4.4.1 Lab: Searching the Library of Congress
- •4.5 Software Engineering
- •4.5.1 Issues in Large-Scale Software Development
- •The Software Development Process
- •Define or Redefine the Problem
- •Plan a Solution to the Problem
- •Code the Solution
- •Evaluate and Test Everything
- •4.5.2 Open Source Model
- •Free Software
- •4.5.3 Tools for Software Creation and Management
- •Editors
- •Compilers
- •Debuggers
- •Integrated Development Environments (idEs)
- •Unit 5. Network Systems
- •5.1 Internet Basics
- •5.1.1 Mime Types
- •5.1.2 Internet Languages
- •JavaScript
- •5.2 Local and Wide Area Networks
- •5.3 Communication Strategies
- •5.3.1 Client-Server Framework
- •5.3.2 Peer-to-Peer Connectivity
- •5.4 Data Transfer Technologies
- •5.5 Internet Architecture
- •5.5.1 Routers and tcp/ip
- •Internet Protocol
- •Routers
- •Transmission Control Protocol
- •5.5.2 Domain Name Service
- •Domain Name Service
- •5.5.3 Connectivity
- •Conventional Analog Phone Lines
- •Isdn: Integrated Services Digital Network
- •Cable Modem
- •XDsl: Digital Subscriber Line
- •Dedicated High Speed Lines
- •5.5.4 Internet Service Providers
- •Unit 6. Computer Security
- •6.1 Security Threats
- •6.1.1 Intruders: Who, Why, and How?
- •6.1.2 Identity Theft and Privacy Violation
- •Password Cracking
- •Packet sniffing
- •Social Engineering/Fraud
- •Spoofing
- •Port Scanning
- •6.1.3 Malicious Software
- •Trojan Horse
- •Prevention
- •Detection
- •Counter Measures
- •6.1.4 Denial of Service
- •Network Connectivity
- •Network Bandwidth
- •Other Resource Consumption Attacks
- •Distributed Denial of Service Attack
- •Prevention
- •6.2 Security Technologies
- •6.2.1 Encryption
- •Substitution Cipher
- •Transmitting the Key
- •Private Key Encryption Scheme
- •Public Key Encryption Scheme
- •Hybrid Encryption Schemes
- •6.2.2 Applications of Encryption
- •Hard Drives
- •Dvd Movies
- •Cellular Phones
- •6.2.3 Authentication
- •Strong Passwords
- •Smart Cards
- •Biometrics
- •Digital Signatures
- •Digital Certificates and Certificate Authorities
- •Ssl Protocol
- •6.3 Prevention, Detection, and Recovery
- •6.3.1 Firewall
- •Application Gateway
- •Packet Filter
- •Application Gateway versus Packet Filter
- •Intruder Attacks Prevented by Firewall
- •Setting up a Firewall
- •6.3.2 Intrusion Detection Tools
- •Intrusion Detection Systems
- •Network Monitoring Tools
- •Anti-Virus Software
- •6.3.3 Data Recovery
- •6.3.4 Summary of Security Tips
Ide Interface
An IDE interface provides a standard way for storage devices to connect to a computer. The controller for the IDE is usually integrated into the disk or CD/DVD drive, and the controller directs how the hard drive stores and accesses data. Before IDE was developed, controllers and hard drives were separate and were not standardized. This meant a controller from one manufacturer might not work with a hard drive from another manufacturer. Having separate controllers and hard drives also resulted in poor signal quality and decreased performance. Therefore, IDE was created as a way to standardize the use of hard drives in computers by combining the controller and the hard drive.
In 1984, IBM introduced the AT computer with a hard drive had a combined drive and controller. A ribbon cable from the drive/controller combination is used to connect to the system unit, creating the AT Attachment (ATA) interface.
Soon, other vendors started offering IDE drives based on the ATA standard developed by IBM. Thus, IDE became the term that covered the entire range of integrated drive/controller devices. Because almost all IDE drives are ATA-based, the two terms are used interchangeably.
Eide Master/Slave
EIDE is Enhanced IDE, a newer version of the IDE mass storage device interface standard. It evolved into the ATA/33 specification, then to ATA/66, ATA/100, and the recent revision is Ultra ATA/133. The number associated with the ATA specification indicates the peak data transfer rate. The Ultra ATA/133 can transfer data at a maximum rate of 133 MB/s. The next generation ATA is the Serial ATA. Its features include a peak data transfer rate of 150MB/s, thin cables for easy routing, improved cooling inside a system unit, and hot-pluggable connectors.
The EIDE interface provides a set of two IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) ports. One is referred to as the primary port, the other as the secondary. Each port attaches to a cable containing two plugs, and each plug can connect to a device. Thus, a total of four devices can be accommodated: two on the primary, and two on the secondary. To distinguish between devices on the same IDE port, one device is considered the master, the other the slave, resulting in the following designations: primary master, primary slave, secondary master, and secondary slave.
When only one device appears on a port cable, it is not usually necessary to specify it as a master or a slave. When two devices appear on a port cable, one needs to be assigned as the master, the other as the slave. These assignments are usually made by setting a switch (also called a jumper) on the drive or using cable select. In older systems, the device must then be added to the machine's configuration information through a dialog with the machine's setup program. The user may need to consult the machine's documentation to learn how to enter its setup program. Usually pressing F2, ESC, or DELETE (for Pentium machines running Windows) at the start of a reboot will cause a machine to enter its setup program instead of loading the operating system. However, most of the newer systems can automatically detect the added device and configure it accordingly.
EIDE devices usually expect a particular master/slave designation and come ready to assume that role. Consult the documentation for each device to discover where it expects to reside. If it must be connected to a location different than it expects, the device itself may have to be reconfigured. Again, consult the device's documentation to learn how to do this.
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