7)Turgeshes and Kharlukhs in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

Tyrgesh khanate was formed having Talas and Suyab as the capital cities. At the beginning of VII century Kagan Ushlik brings its stake in Suyab and divide the whole territory of Kaganate in 20 areas - «tutuk». In each area, there were up to 7 thousand farms. Large rate Kagan was in Suyab and small - in the city Kungute valleys of the Ili River. Ushlik conclude an alliance with China and Soghd and twice defeated Arabs under Paikend and Bukhara. Only factions between turgeshes and Soghdies allowed the Arabs to retreat and avoid a complete rout. However, this success was brief. In 708, in Turgeshs Khanate internecine war had started, which enabled the Arabs to resume the offensive in the Central Asia and in 711 captured Samarkand. In 713 the Arabs captured the city of Khujand, Ferghana, and tried to get hold of Tashkent, and in 715 was to penetrate into East Turkestan. However, Arabic expansion was again halted turgeshes that in the same 715y. cleared from the occupants Ferghana, and in 717 was kagan Suluk managed to regain its former strength Kaganate. In 724 of turgeshi supported a rebellion in Soghd and started a guerrilla war against the Arabs. However, in 737 peace with China had been violated, and Suluk had to wage war on two fronts. In 738 of the leader Sarah-turgeshey Baga-Tarkhan killed Suluk and tried to seize power. Using intestine war between turgeshes, the Arabs managed to complete the conquest of Soghd, crush resistance of Samarkand, Tashkent and Otrar and 738 of the firm to set its border with turgeshes. Resumed the Chinese offensive, which in 748 destroyed Suyab. Two army: Arabic and Chinese, met at 751 in a river Talas. Battle lasted five days and ended with the victory of the Arabs. The Chinese were expelled from Zhetysu, but the Arabs were forced to retreat because of the frequent rebellions in conquered Soghd. In 759 of the power in Zhetysu turned to other Turkic tribe - Karluks.

KARLUK KHANATE – was established in 766 over all the Turgesh lands except western Kasakhstan, whose tribesmen allied themselves with the Oguz state (in what is now Turkmenistan). At its origin the Karluk state went from Kashgaria to the middle course of the Syr Darya. It continued to expand, so that by the tenth century it also encompassed the area between lakes Issyk-Kul and Balkhash as well as the Ili, Chu and Talas river valleys. Under the Karluks the first large cities were built in the steppe, including Taraz, Isfijab (renamed Sairam), and Farab (renamed Otrar). In 940 the Karluks lost a dynastic struggle to the Karakhanid family, who ruled the steppe for another two hundred years.

8. Oghuz state in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

The Oghyz state founded in the IX-X centuries in the middle and lower parts of Syr darya and adjoining lands of Western Kazakhstan closely connected with the territory of Kazakhstan. Capital was Yangikent lying at the crossroads of important caravan routes. The formation of Oghyz ethnic community was a difficult and long process. At the beginning Oghyz community was established in Zhetysu; however, moving to the west it expanded including the nomad population of Western Kazakhstan.After the continuous battles in the IX century Oghyz leaders joined Khazar khanate and defeated the Pecheneks of ancient Turkic tribes, which inhabited the surroundings of Aral and steppes of Western Kazakhstan, and took the hegemony. Oghyz state was an ethno-feudal society from early times. Governing institutes, developed from military-democratic structure, were preserved there, and military-tribal council of aristocrats limited the zhabgu (king) power. Oguz Head of State was the supreme ruler, whom had title «dzhabgu». Leader Oguz troops wore the title of «syubashi». In a state composed of tribes iarluki, Karluks, simurs, haladns, dnagars and others. The initial kernel of Oguz group formed in Zhetysu, but in the process of movement to the west, it has been supplemented by the nomadic and half-settled population of southern and western Kazakhstan. The most compact, they lived in the Aral Sea region in the North Caspian region, in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. Ethnic composition Oguz state was checkered, it was composed of many Iranian and Turkic-speaking tribes. Beginning of their power were 90-s IX century. They then destroyed nomadic Pechenegs lived in the Aral and Caspian region. This struggle between Pechenigs and Oguzes lasted more than a hundred years. Under pressure of Oguzes and their allies the Khazar Kaganate, Pechenegs moved on the Black Sea, where in the X century shook their incursions Kiev Rus and Byzantium. When in 965y. together with the Kievan prince Svyatoslav, defeated Khazar Kaganat - Turkish State, which took top Jewish religion and that a few centuries successfully confront the Arabs and Byzantium, Kievan Rus and Oguz Power. In 985y. Oguz dzhabgu together with the Russians inflicted a major defeat to the princes of the Volgas Bulgaria. Shahmelik at 1041y. conquered Khorezm. But at 1043y. Shahmelik fell into the hands of his enemies and was executed. In the XI century Oguzes state fell into decay, strife began, excitement, increased external pressure Seljuks. In the middle of XI century. Oguz Power finally fell under the onslaught of Qypchaq tribes.

9. Karakhanid state (political history, peculiarities of economics and social organization).

In 40-ies of X. Karluks power fell down and Karakhanids state appeared. Founder of the dynasty is considered Satuk Bogra Khan, declared as Kagan in 942 y. This state of Turkic tribes occupied the territory of Jetisu, its center was located in the Chu Valley, and the rate - in Balasagun. Over time they expanded the ownership of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya to Kashgar. Then they split into two parts - east, including Jetisu and East Turkestan, with its center in Balasagun and western - Maverannakhra centered first in Taraz, and then in Samarkand. The largest event in Karakhanids history was the adoption of Islam as state religion. It is connected with the name of Satuk Bogra Khan, who was in 955y. announced that, as in the 960y. in the interior areas of the karakhanids state 200000 tents have adopted Islam (the Arab name Satuk Bogra Khan - Abd al-Karim). As a result of internecine fighting in the first half of XI century. Karahanids state comes to the decline and fell under the authority of Kidane, who formed a state in Semirechye.

In contrast to the political structure of nomadic societies in the territory of Kazakhstan's military administration was separated from the administration. Public administration structure consisted of a hierarchical principle. The most important socio-political institution in the State was karahanidos military system (военно-ленная). Khans complained to relatives and close the right to receive from the population of the region, state or city taxes that are levied to the state. This grant became known as «ikta», as the holder named Mukta or iktadar. This helped to the governor to receive karahanids at its disposal proceeds, as from a nomadic economy, and from farming, as well as from people involved in crafts. Another feature of Karahanids States - (вакорные земли) land, ie areas legacies nobles and wealthy landowners or military, in favor of nomadic religious institutions, and these lands are not taking the tax. Extended this form of exploitation of the peasantry, as metayage. Metayage essence was as follows: land, are publicly owned or hereditary landowners, peasants surrendered the lease. Sharecropper, or as they were called muzargi or barzshar, obliged to give most of the crop in the form of state tax and the land owner or manager Waqf. In X-XII centuries. in Kazakhstan, part of the karahanids, had developed commendat Institute. According to contemporaries, the essence of commendation was that the weak (people) placed under the patronage of a strong plot to protect them. Public administration system of Karahanids Khanate generally based on a feudal basis, which is an important step in the history of the strengthening of the feudal order in the territory of Kazakhstan.

10. Kharakhitais state (location, economy, social organization, political history).

On the territory of Kazakhstan in Semirechje at 1128y. Karahytay state arose (Kidanes). This Far Eastern tribes that have turned karakhanids in the tributary. Karahytays gurhans (ruler) capital was in Balasagun. In addition Semirechje karahytai distributed its ownership in the South Kazakhstan and Maverannakhr. Even in 916y. Kidanes ruler declared himself Great Khan, gradually Kidanes seized the territory of Central Asia, first from Kashgar to the Great Wall of China, and then further Liao Dynasty was founded. But then from the banks of the Amur were more powerful tribes of nomads Chzhur-Chzen’ forced Kidanes move to the west. So in the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia emerged State Black China (Karahytay). The Prince of the Liao Dynasty, Elyuy Dashi, expanded its power from the East Turkistan (Kashgar) and the Amu Darya. He took gurhans title in 1141 y. He started the war with the Central Asian ruler of Khorasan and dividing it became masters Merwe and Horasan. Then captured between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya. Elyuy Dashi died at 1143 y. and power passed to his widow Tabugen. By the end of the XII century Kidanes state was the most powerful in Central Asia. It included the land between the Irtysh and the Amu Darya, and further to the west - Ferghana and Samarkand to pay him tribute. The dramatic changes in this area occurred in the last gurhane Gzhilugu (Gzhulku), who rules from 1169 to 1203 or 1212 This is due to the appearance here naymans pursued by the Mongols, led by Khan Kuchluk. Kuchluk the one hand, and horezmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad, on the other hand, defeated karahytays, and their possession of Ili Valley were owned by naymans.

11) Qimaques in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

In the political arena in the Kazakh steppe in the IX century, the state appeared kipchaks, uniting many tribes from the Altai to the Syr Darya. The political core of this state, the tribe Imak, in the middle of VII century occupied the territory of East Kazakhstan. After the fall of the Western Turkic Kaganate in 656, imak have some independence. At the beginning of VIII century. Imak subject turkesham, but by the middle of this century, freed from their power. Moreover, local tribes are subject Irtyshs Imak and creating with them a confederation, which received the name of the sources in the eastern Kimak     Located between Karluk and Turgeshs, kimaks not only managed to maintain independence, but also spread their influence to many kangarian birth, roamed in central Kazakhstan and combined in VIII. group Kypchaks-seers, who fled after the defeat of the Turkic Second Kaganate. After the collapse of the Uighur kaganate in 840, is integrated into his tribe joins Kimak Union. It creates a powerful state headed by the governor, carry title baigu "(distorted" Yabgu "), and in the early tenth century. accepted the title of "Hakan". At the end of IX century. in the Kimak states included seven tribal groups: Ishk, lanikaz, adzhlad, eymur, Bayandour, Tatars, Kypchak. By mid-tenth century. Kimak Kaganate territory is divided into four main areas:      1. Yagsun-Yasu - covers the area between Yesil and Ertis, Bara-binskuyu steppe to the west of the Ob River. Here at Ertis, located capital - old and new.      2. Kyrkyrhan - covers an area of East and Central Kazakhstan from Ertis to Lake Balkhash and Alakol, including Karkara Nolinsk, Chingiztaus and Tarbagatai mountains.      3. Andar al-hifchak - area of "internal Kypchaks" - located in central Kazakhstan, including the neighborhood Ulutau-ing mountains, basins of Nura, Sary-Su, Karakengira, in the south - on the lower reaches of Shu and Talas.      4. "External kypchaki" occupied the foothills of the Southern Urals and Torgai steppe and enjoyed considerable autonomy.      In Kimak society increasing role of the military. Rulers of principalities (which there were 12) were military leaders. The origin of resistivity-tribal system says about the elements of administrative division in Kimak Union. Arab historian Al-Idrisi, in his book called Kimak 16 cities, 12 of whom were in the river basin Ertis. In the state's system of tax levies. Many nomads because of their poverty were forced to move on to residency and do crafts, fishing, farming.       Kimak power was a powerful state. However, in the IX-X centuries. began to show signs of its decline. The rulers of principalities, who owned vast territories and had at its service mercenary troops or detachments steppe, strove for independence that led to the weakening of central authority, the disintegration of the state. By the end of the tenth century. Kimak Khanate ceased to exist, the authority on its territory passed Qypchaq association.

12. Kypshaks in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

The Khypchaks’ historic role was identified from the early times. At the beginning of the II millennium A.D. all ethno-political traditions in the regions of Kazakhstan first depended on the unions of Khypchakh tribes. After the weakening of the Oghyz state, the Khypchakhs forced gradually Oghyz tribes back from the Caspian coast and bent in their will to the rest of them.

The farming of Kazakhstan Khypchakhs was preceded by nomadic cattle breeding of other inhabitants of that regoin – the Saks, the Ghuns, the Turks, the Tyrgeshs, the Kharlyks and the Oghyzes. It was found out that their customs and traditions were connected. The plough-lands of the Khypchakhs were mainly in the valleys of Syr Darya, Sarysu, and Yesyl rivers. Fishing and animal hunting were carried out along with agricultural work.

The Khypchakhs played a crucial role in internal and external policy of such states as Byzantium, Russia, Georgia, Salzhyk kingdom, Yedyl Bulgaria and Hungary.

Information about outer political relations of Kazakhstan Khypchacks in the XI and at the beginning of XIII centures is found in several manuscripts. Geographical scope of those relations is so wide. The Kypchaks were rules of various regions of Central Asia, for example in Khorezmshax state. They played a crucial in internal and external gactors of policy of such states as Vyzantium, Russia, Georgia, Salzhyk kingdom. Chinese manuscripts were the evidence of close connection of Kazakhstan Kypchaks with the people an civilization of Central Asia an Far East.

13. Nayman and Kerey Uluses (location, economy, social organization, political history).

The Naymans and Kereyts played a significant role in ethno-genetic processes,carried out on the territory of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the II millennium. Basically, they occupied themselves with cattle-breeding and hunting. They made felts, wooden bones and bands of house as well as every day instruments and arms.The Ulys leaders consisted of not only the ones, who came from relatives and khan families , but also from the representatives of other clans. Each Ulys located on certain regions and a khan – a representative of a khan family , ruled it. A leader set his own ruling apparatus forming armed forces and the authorities at khan’s kingdom. Khan’s kingdom played a role of its government and managed khan’s property. Leaders, especially leaders of large Ulyses had winter and summer zhailaus. People with a special status were ingaged in the work, particularly in tax collecting. In 1206 Kushluk, khan of the Naymans, together with his subordinators, was moved out from Altai to Zhetisu under the pressure of Shyngys khan’s army. Another large part oh the NAymans and the Kereyts stayed in Eastern Kazakhstan. At the beginning of the XIII century Kharakytai leader, being in trouble, addressed to Kushlyk khan for help , who had just reached Zhetysu, in order to stop the riot of his subordinated vassals. Taking the chance, Kushlyk khan and other his allies threw Kharakytai leader away of power , and arrested him in autumn of 1211. Consequently, Kushlyk, a leader of the Naymans, acquired a control over Zhetisu.