43. Kazakh Khanate in the late 17-18vv. Politics Khan Tauke to unite the Kazakh land. "Jeti-zhargy."

Kazakh Khanate in the beginning of XVIII century.

Strengthening zhongarskoy aggression. In the 80 years of the XVII century. hiking zhongarskih huntayshi of Kazakh lands were resumed, they sought to seize the South Kazakhstan and the trading towns on the Syr Darya. as well as the territory of which were important caravan routes, Huntayshi Galdan (1671-1699) in 1681-1685 gg. made several raids in southern Kazakhstan, which resulted in the city was destroyed by Sairam.

His successor Tsevan-Rabtan (1699-1729) continued the aggressive war. The beginning of XVII! into. many units of the invaders have moved to r.Sary-Su, a part of their troops invaded the north-eastern regions of the Middle Juz.

Tauke Khan in 1710 in the Kara Kum brought together representatives of all the Kazakh zhuzes in order to discuss how best to organize resistance. It was created by the army, which managed to throw zhongar to the east.

This is especially true in the wake of death of Khan Tauke in 1715. Feeling that the growing danger zhongarskoy role should grow Khan, the sultan's factions began a fierce fight for the seat of the supreme ruler. After much debate, Khan was elected Kaipov (1715-1718).

Kazakh-Russian relations in the beginning of XVIII century. At the end of XVI! into. Russia continued its aggressive policy. In the first 50 years of the XVI century. were eliminated Kazan and Astrakhan Khanate. Thus, the south-eastern border of Russia came close to the lands of the Kazakh khanate. At the end of the XVI century, on the russ to-Kazakh border had started the construction of Russian cities, forts, outposts, the Cossacks, redoubts and lighthouses. Some military installations have been built directly on the territory of Kazakhstan. In 1620 the town was laid Yaitsky (Uralsk), in 1645 Guriev (Atyrau).

Kazakh Khan Tauke sends the 90-ies. Several embassies in Russia. The main objectives that were set before the messengers, to halt the raids Ural Cossacks and the Bashkir and conclude trade agreements with the Russian merchants. However, the Russian side, who had not seen the benefits of closer relations with the Kazakhs, drawn-out negotiations, arresting Khan's ambassadors, prompting Tauke Khan reluctant to prospects of the Kazakh-Russian alliance.

In 1694, Mr. Tauke Khan again sent to Moscow with a letter to Peter I, in which he expressed his hope for the consolidation of trade relations. Peter I immediately appreciated the significance of the Kazakh Khanate in Russia's foreign policy: "All the Asian countries and lands onaya horde key and the gate, and the reasons for onaya horde a suit under the patronage of Russia to be."

Zheti Zhargy. Changes in political structure called the urgent need for treatment and legal basis for the organization of the Kazakh society. This work was done all XVIIB. and Khan Tauke are enshrined in the statute books "Zhegi zhargy" (Seven Establishment). This set was developed with the participation of famous biys at the beginning of the XVII century. and included the following main sections:

1. Land Law (Jer dauy), which negotiated settlement of disputes on the pastures and watering places.

2. Family and marital law, which establishes the procedure for marriage and divorce, the rights and responsibilities of spouses, the property rights of family members.

3. Military Law, which regulates the administration of conscription, the formation of units and commanders elections.

4. Regulation of the trial, negotiated order of the trial.

5. Criminal Law, which establishes penalties for various types of crime except murder.

6. Coons Act, which establishes penalties for murder and grievous bodily harm.

7. Law Widows (Zhesir dauy), which regulates property and personal rights of widows and orphans, as well as obligations towards them obshiny and relatives of the deceased.

44. The heroic defense of Otrar from Chengys Khan army.

At the end of XII-XIII centuries early. the territory of Mongolia formed the large nomadic state under the authority of one of the representatives of the tribal elite - Temujin. It was originally founded in the river valleys Kerulen and Orkhon, followed by association of kindred tribes and the Mongol conquest of neighboring countries to have become a powerful empire, not only in Central Asia, but worldwide. In 1203 they were defeated Kereitskoe, then the neighboring Naiman Khanate in 1207-1211 gg. were subjugated peoples of Siberia and East Turkestan. In 1215g. was taken by Beijing, and by 1217 the Mongols conquered all the land north of the Yellow River.

In 1206 Temujin was proclaimed vsemongolskim Hagan and received the title Genghis Khan. Education Mongolian State contributed to the consolidation of previously malosvyazannyh tribes into a single ethnic group and an end mezhdusobnyh wars.

Conquest Zhetysu. State of the Kara-Khitan in Zhetysu and southern Kazakhstan underwent a political crisis. Cities Maverannakhra gradually freed from the power of the Gur-khan. Karlykskie Qarakhanid and rulers began to go in citizenship Khorezm. In 1207 the Kara-Khitan lost Bukhara, then Taraz. In addition, strained relations with the rulers gurkhan Koylyka and Almalyk. Finding himself in a quandary gurkhan Chzhilugu appealed for help to Kiichliig Khan Naiman.

In 1218g. units Zhebe together with the forces and the rulers Koylyka Almalyk opposed Kuchliig. At the same time the Mongols allowed Muslims to worship in public, before banned Naiman, which helped the transition of the settled population to the side of the Mongols. Kiichliig, unable to organize resistance, fled. Living Balasagun opened the gates to the Mongols, for which the city was named Gobalyk - "good city". Before Genghis Khan opened the way to the limits of Khorezm and Movarahannahr.

. The war in September 1219. began with the siege of Otrar. Dividing his army into several parts, one part of Genghis Khan left for the siege of the city, the other, led by his eldest son Zhoshi, sent down the Syr-Darya, and he himself went to Bukhara.

45. Russian Administrative reforms of 1822-1867 in Kazakhstan.

№ 36 of the Charter of the Siberian Kazaks 1822. At the beginning of the XIX century. was clearly looming huge strategic importance of Kazakhstan, located between Russia, Central Asian khanates and China. To further advance into Asia Russia needed to be strengthened, especially in the Kazakh steppes. Revitalization colonial policy also explains the economic interests of the growing Russian bourgeoisie. Kazakhstan has attracted Russian merchants as a source of livestock raw materials and market for manufactured goods uncompetitive on the western market.      Using Aryngazy arrest and death of Wali Khan, the colonial administration decided to launch an offensive on the steppe. Relying on the part of the Sultans, loyal to the Russian authorities, the tsarist government created in the North and western Kazakhstan, a new system of governance based on the "Charter of the Siberian Kirghiz and the Charter of the Orenburg Kyrgyzstan."      Charter of Siberian Kirghiz 1822 This document was developed in 1822 under the leadership of Speransky. After the division of Siberia into two parts (1822) territory of the Kazakh steppe has been ranked among the Western Siberia, the head office until 1839 was in Tobolsk in 1839 - in Omsk.      Under the Charter, Scope Siberian Kirghiz divided into inner and outer districts. In the outer districts include Kazakhs, roamed over river. Irtysh. From 1822 to 1838 was founded 7 districts-Karkarala, Kokchetav, Ayaguz, Akmola, Baia naulsky, Kushmurunsky, Kokpektinsky. At the head of county districts were orders "Duan", which focused the administration, police, court. Orders were headed by the Aga sultans, they worked with four assessors, two Russian official appointed by the Governor and two Kazakh selected by a two-year honorary biys, elders. Senior Sultan was elected under the provisions of the Charter at a meeting of the sultans for three years. He was assigned to the service rank of Major. Successfully passed three options to qualify for the diploma of a nobleman. 

№ 37 of the Charter Orenburgsky Kazaks 1824. At the beginning of the XIX century. was clearly looming huge strategic importance of Kazakhstan, located between Russia, Central Asian khanates and China. To further advance into Asia Russia needed to be strengthened, especially in the Kazakh steppes. Revitalization colonial policy also explains the economic interests of the growing Russian bourgeoisie. Kazakhstan has attracted Russian merchants as a source of livestock raw materials and market for manufactured goods uncompetitive on the western market.      Using Aryngazy arrest and death of Wali Khan, the colonial administration decided to launch an offensive on the steppe. Relying on the part of the Sultans, loyal to the Russian authorities, the tsarist government created in the North and western Kazakhstan, a new system of governance based on the "Charter of the Siberian Kirghiz and the Charter of the Orenburg Kyrgyzstan."      "The Charter of the Orenburg Kirghiz in 1824. Developed in 1822, the Orenburg governor-general of P. Essen draft a similar statute for Younger Juz was adopted by the Asian Committee in 1824 in this regard as soon as it was decided to abolish the Khan's power. Khan Juz Last Younger Sergazy was summoned to Orenburg and left there permanently with a salary of 150 rubles in silver a month. He was conferred the title "pervoprisutstvuyuschego in Orenburg Border Commission.      Junior Horde was divided into three parts: the western - from the confinement bayuly; average - and partly zhetyru alimuly: east - from alimuly and Kipchaks and Argyns. Sultans, rulers, set at the head parts are in fact officials of Orenburg border commission, which included the chairman of four counselor and assessor from wealthy Kazakhs. According to its duties, the Commission served as the provincial government. Number 41 administrative - territorial reform of 1867-68gg. and 1886-91gg.

Preparation of reform. The last third of XIX century. - An important and largely critical period in the history of Kazakhstan. This time, the complete loss of independence and eventual colonization of Kazakhstan Russia. In the mid 60-ies of XIX century. all the modern territory of Kazakhstan is fully joined the Russia Empire. This process coincided with bourgeois reforms in Russia 70-80gg. XIX century. Which contributed to the development of capitalism in general.      The main and primary goal of reform was the unification of Russia vassal nations under one office, removal from power of the local aristocracy, the weakening of tribal beginnings, "to achieve a gradual merging of Kirgiz (Kazakh) steppes with other parts of Russia." The reforms were motivated by a desire to ensure the tsarist Russian capital the most favorable conditions for the exploitation of the indigenous population of the Kazakh steppes and the natural wealth of the province.      Management reform. Based on the reform of the entire territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three general-governor, which consisted of six areas. In Orenburg Ural and Turgay entered the field. Orenburg, is the administrative center of the governor-generalship, was simultaneously the center of Turgay area. Center of the Ural region - the city of Uralsk. West Siberian Governor-Generalship of the center in Omsk obeyed Aqmola and Semipalatinsk region. Administrative staff Akmola region was in Omsk, a regional center was the Semipalatinsk Semipalatinsk. The structure of the Turkestan general-governorship entered Semirechenskaya region centered in the town of Verny and Syr Darya, the regional center is located in Tashkent. However, the named field does not cover the whole territory of modern Kazakhstan. Earth Bukeyev Khanate became a part of the Astrakhan province, and Mangyshlak pristavstvo in 1870, sailing under the jurisdiction of the Caucasian Military District, a little later - in the Transcaucasian region.            Land reform. The main reforms in the years 1867-1.868. was the land question. According to these documents (para. 199. Provisions) all land in Kazakhstan was declared state property and only passed on in the use of Kazakh aul communities. Personal property recognized only those lands that have been bestowed King Khan's descendants. In the late XIX-early XX centuries. since the mass migration of peasants in the central provinces of Kazakhstan provisions of paragraph 199 was the legal basis of the colonial seizure of Kazakh lands. Own land Kazakh workers passed by it for a fee. The fertile land on the banks of rivers and lakes in the steppe were fixed for the Cossack troops. For nomadic Kazakhs in these lands should have to pay rent. Peasant settlers received a number of benefits. In the county centers, they had the right to free land for arable land and farm, timber for building, engage in agriculture, trade and craft. Such. same benefits presented Kazakhs, who accepted Christianity.      Reform of 1891. At the end of XIX century. Kazakhstan was carried out a new reform, which has made some changes in administrative structure, tax system and the judicial system. In 1891 it adopted the "Regulation on the management of the steppe areas" that existed until 1917 territory of Kazakhstan was divided into regions, counties, townships and auls. All areas, except for the Syr Darya, became part of the Steppe governor-generalship.          As a result of the reforms in Kazakhstan infiltrated elements of capitalism. The installed system administration facilitated the colonial domination of the indigenous population of the province. Reforms in general were in the interests of Russian capitalism, legislate colonial situation of the Kazakh steppe

46) Science in the 19 century. CH.CH. Valikhanov.

In the middle of the XIX century. prominent role in the cultural life of Russia and Kazakhstan began to play an emerging national intellectuals, educated in Russian universities. One of the outstanding representatives of the national intelligentsia is Sh Ualikhanov.

Shokan (Mohammed Hanafi) was born in November 1835 in the town Kuntimes, in the territory of modern Sarykol area Kostanai region, in the family elder Sultan Aman-Karagai District Major Order Shingiza UALIEVA.

In 1847 the 12-year-old Shokan was determined to study in the Omsk Cadet Corps, which was considered then the best schools in Siberia, where the perfectly mastered the Russian language, has an extensive knowledge. At the end of the Cadet Corps in 1853 he was appointed to serve at the governor-general of Western Siberia G. Gasfort. The formation of attitudes and opinions Shokan Ualikhanov had a profound impact specific conditions predreformennoy Russia, which stood on the eve of the abolition of serfdom.

In 1854-1857 gg. Sh Ualikhanov takes an active part in expeditions to the South Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In 1855, Travel in Central Kazakhstan, su, and Tarbagatai, exploring the ruins of ancient towns, petroglyphs, stone sculptures, writes stories, songs and tales of the Kazakh people. In 1856-1857. Ualikhanov involved in military and scientific expeditions to Kyrgyzstan, where the first recorded poem "Manas".

A further focus of scientific activity Sh.Ua-Likhanova facilitated by the familiarity with the Semenov-Tien-Shansky, expressing admiration for the scientist-Kazakhs. In 1857 on the recommendation of Semenov-Tian-Shansky C. Ualikhanov was elected a member of the Russian Geographical Society.

In the spring of 1864 S. Ualikhanov took part in marches on Tashkent led by General Chernyaeva, but soon, dissatisfied with his actions, he left a detachment, and returned to the Altyn-Emel National Park in the village of Sultan Tezek where he married his sister Aysare.

47) The epoch of Enlightenment in Kazakhstan. Abai Kunanbaev (1845-1904). – the great figure of Kazakh Enlightenment.

Education in Kazakh land combined two types: religious in madrasas and civil in Russian schools. As for education and knowledge acquisiting it is worthy to mention Jadidism.

In the 1860s Kazakh had become a literary language based on spoken Kazakh with Arabic and Tatar influences.

Alash published 22 numbers between November 26.1916 and May 25.1917.

Aikap first appeared in 1911 and ceased publication in 1915, issuing 88 numbers in all.

Kazah printed it first issue in 1913 and its last in 1918.

In this period it was flourishing moment for Kazakh intelligentsia. We had great and bright minds such as ALtynsarin, Abai, Baitursynov, Dulatov, Jumabaev, Ualikhanov etc.

Abai (Ibrahim) Kunanbayev (29 July (10 August) 1845, Semipalatinsk region, Kazakhstan - June 23 (July 6), 1904) - Kazakh poet, writer, social activist, composer and founder of modern Kazakh written literature, and its first classic , reformer of culture in the spirit of rapprochement with the Russian and European culture on the basis of enlightened liberal Islam. Abai Kunanbaev is without question the best known of the group. Abai was the son of Kunanbai, the leader of the Tobikty tribal confederation of the Middle Horde. After graduation from the district school in Karkaralinsk and primary education in a local Quran school, Abai began to criticize the traditional Kazakh way of life in the lyric poems he composed, these poems became widely recited in the steppe. Although he published several volumes of poetry, Abais ideas are probably most clearly expressed in a book of essays called Edifications most of these essays were written during the 1890s when the Russians were beginning to seize large amounts of land and thousands of European settlers were moving into the steppe. Abai could offer no real solutions for the Kazakhs' economic woes, but he encouraged them to accept the reality of the situation and to gain the technical skills necessary to adjust, to become farmers and cattlemen rather than wandering livestock breeders.