- •1.Phonetics as a science. Two main divisions of phonetics. The stages of human speech. Three branches of phonetics.
- •2.Phonology and its subject matter. Standard English (rp).
- •3.The organs of speech and their work. The active and passive organs of speech.
- •4.The International Phonetic Alphabet (transcription)
- •5.Letters and sounds. Sounds and phonemes. Vowels and consonants.
- •6.Principles of classification of English consonants.
- •7.Classification of English consonants according to the manner of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and way of correcting them.
- •8.Classification of English consonants according to the place of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and way of correcting them.
- •10. Principles of classification of English vowels. Modification of English vowels in connected speech. Reduction.
- •11.Classification of English vowels according to the stability of articulation. Monophthongs. Diphthongoids. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and ways of correcting them.
- •12.Classification of English vowels according to the stability of articulation. Diphthongs. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and ways of correcting them.
- •13.Strong and weak forms of words. Cases when prepositions, auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns have full (strong) forms.
- •14. Syllabic structure of words. Syllable formation and syllable division.
- •15.The accentual structure of English words. Primary and secondary accent. Functions of the word stress. The basic rules of English word accentuation.
- •16.Intonation and its components. The intonation group. Terminal tones.
- •17.Sentence stress. Types of sentence stress. Notation of stresses and tunes in the text.
- •18. The usage of tunes in statements, different types of questions, commands, exclamations. Ststements
- •Special questions
- •General questions
- •Commands
- •Exclamations
- •19.English rhythm in connected speech. Rhythm units. Fluency of speech. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English and ways of correcting them.
- •20. Phonostylistic. Stylistic use of intonation. Intonational (phonetic) styles and their principles.
- •20. Phonostylistic. Stylistic use of intonation. Intonational (phonetic) styles and their principles.
5.Letters and sounds. Sounds and phonemes. Vowels and consonants.
Letters and sounds must never be mixed up. Letters are written, sounds are spoken. It very useful to have written letters to remind us of corresponding sounds, but this is all they do. They cannot make us pronounce sounds which we don’t already know; they simply remind us. In ordinary English spelling is not always easy to know what sounds the letters stand for. We have 24 consonants and 20 vowels to consider.
Speech sounds are grouped into language units called phonemes. A phoneme may be thought of as the smallest contrastive language unit which exists in the speech of all people belonging to the same language community in the form of speech sounds and may bring about a change of meaning.
The phoneme is realized in speech in the material form of speech sounds of different type. Various speech realizations of the phoneme are called its allophones.
The organs of speech are capable of uttering many different kinds of sounds. From the practical point of view it is convenient to distinguish two types of speech sounds: vowels and consonants. Vowels are voiced sounds produced without any obstruction in the supra-glottal cavities and consequently have no noise component. In the articulation of consonants a kind of noise producing obstruction is formed in the supra-glottal cavities. Such sounds may be pronounced with or without vocal cords vibration.
6.Principles of classification of English consonants.
Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities. That is why in the production of consonant sounds there is a certain degree of noise.
Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape. English accents differ mainly in vowels, the consonants are more or less the same wherever English is spoken. So if your vowels are not perfect you may still be understood by the listener, but if the consonants are imperfect there may be some misunderstanding.
The sentence "W-l y- -nv-t- m-1- th- p-t-?" "Will you invite me to the party?" is easy for understanding even if all the vowel letters would be left out. But if we leave all the consonant letters out : "-i- -ou i—i-e -e -o —e -a-y" it is impossible to make any sense out of it.
On the articulatory level the consonants change:
In the degree of noise.
In the manner of articulation.
In the place of articulation.