English_for_Police_Officers

7.The behaviour exhibited by the subject during the period in question is an open book to the police.

8.Having access to the property of his relatives, the accused had defrauded his cousin some articles of value.

VII. Read and translate the sentences.

1.Since the investigator is an instrument of justice his point of view should be objective.

2.Since the case concerns a crime, the elements of the offence should be established.

3.Was she really guilty of the crime she was charged with?

4.The information given by the witness can be compared with the statements of other witnesses and with known facts.

5.In searching for a person the aim of the investigator is first to obtain the information necessary to identify him.

6.The report provides investigators with information necessary for investigation.

7.An investigator must cultivate a genuine interest in people and their problems, for such knowledge will help him in determining motives as he deals with many types of personalities in many circumstances.

8.Often some information can be obtained by a reference to so obvious a source as the telephone book or by a simple visit to the public library, but instead many investigators will spend weeks interviewing witnesses.

9.Certain crimes such as assault, forgery and robbery involve identification.

10.His identity of the malefactor has been proved as a result of the investigation.

VIII. Read and render the text.

AUTOMOBILE LARCENY

The stealing of automobiles is а crime, which has risen to such large proportions that special measures have been adopted for its prevention. The annual monitory loss from the larceny of cars is so great that insurance companies have established the National Auto

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Theft Bureau to assist local law enforcement agencies in the recovery of cars and the apprehension of the criminals. Every state has a special law relating to larceny of automobiles. In considering the larceny of automobiles a sharp distinction must be made between wrongful appropriation and true larceny. There are two distinct classes of automobile theft:

1.Temporary Appropriation. The motive is temporary use. The car is stolen, remains missing for a few days and is abandoned. Later it is observed for a period of days unattended in the street.

2.Professional Automobile Thieves. The true automobile thief steals a car so that he can profit by its sale. He usually belongs to a well-organized group that is set up to steal cars, disguise them, obtain registration and sell them in a prepared market.

IX. Read and translate the text. Use a dictionary.

EMBEZZLEMENT

One of the most popular "white-collar crimes» is embezzlement, the fraudulent appropriation of money or goods by a person to whom they are entrusted. The motivation is simple profit. Several thousand embezzlers are arrested each year and the loss of this crime amounts to millions of dollars annually. The banks alone through the dishonesty of their employees and officers lose a sum of over 3 million dollars annually.

An inquiry into a charge of embezzlement often requires the services of an accountant. The investigator who does not possess such knowledge should avail himself of the services of an experienced accountant who is not an employee of the company. It should be noted that this crime is difficult to prove. The evidence in cases of this nature is largely circumstantial. The activities of the receiver should be investigated in minute detail. He should be interrogated at great length in order to lead him into discrepancies as to detail. The elements of receiving stolen property are described below together with the usual methods of proof:

1. The property was stolen. The testimony of the thieves will prove this element. Since the thieves are not considered accomplices

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to this offence, they may be induced to give a statement as the stolen character of the property.

2.The property was received by the accused. Again the thieves can offer testimony to this fact. Proof is also offered by the fact that the property was found in the possession of the accused. If there is more than one occupant in the room wherein the property is found, each must be interviewed.

3.The receiver knew that the property was stolen. Testimony that the thieves informed the receiver of the theft would prove this fact indirectly.

4.The accused had the intent to convert the property to his own use. Evidence should be obtained of any effect to dispose of the property. During the search particular attention should be given to any arrangements for concealment of the stolen goods.

X. Read and translate the text. Use a dictionary.

PICKPOCKETS

The pickpocket is a species of criminal indigenous to large cities. The pickpocket may work alone or with one or more confederates. The purpose served by the confederates is that of distraction the attention of the victim. The element of modus operandi is of great importance in detecting pickpockets. Distraction of the victim's attention and swiftness of operation are the most important elements of the pickpocket's success. A pickpocket is known by his style.

The pickpocket who operates in the trousers is considered the cleverest to this class of thieves.

If the pickpocket is a professional, he will undoubtedly have a record. The crime can then be solved by means of the modus operandi. The techniques of pickpockets are well known. The detective can restrict the number of suspects by paying close attention to the victim's story. By consulting the known pickpocket file and showing photographs to the victim, he may be able to obtain a preliminary identification. The difficulties of finding a lush worker are much greater.

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Lesson 10

Text: Traffic Accident Investigation

Grammar: Participle II.

The Passive Voice Indefinite

I. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the tense of the predicate.

1.The accused was found guilty upon sufficient evidence.

2.Important objects bearing evidence had been destroyed during the fire.

3.Arson has been known to follow very often other crimes such as stealing and murder.

4.The scientist will be able to assist the investigator in identifying the criminal.

5.It was established that the things had been removed by the criminal.

6.Handling fingerprints is considered to be a highly skilful work, which involves searching crime scenes, fingerprinting criminals, classifying prints and preparing prints as evidence in court.

7.The importance of fingerprints as a means of identification is well known, and a modern technique of developing impressions from the scene of а crime is used by police officers.

8.After the investigator had thoroughly examined the crime scene and taken a number of statements he concluded that it was a case of manslaughter.

II. Read and translate the text.

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

A motor vehicle traffic accident occurs when a motor vehicle in motion on a public street causes death, injury, or property damage.

Accident investigation has defined as serving three general purposes:

1) to secure facts upon which to base an accident prevention program;

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2)to determine whether or not laws have been violated, to gather evidence which will reveal the driver or pedestrian responsible for the accident and taking on-the-scene police action;

3)to ascertain the facts so that those involved in accidents can properly exercise claims under civil law.

The purpose of investigating accidents is to go back in reconstructing the accident as far аs possible from the position of final rest of the traffic unit involved and determine causations and circumstances leading to the accident situation.

From the facts presently known two questions arise: What are the causes that created the effect? and What are the circumstances that created the environment in which the event took place?

As is generally the rule in criminal investigation the investigator must reconstruct the accident from the questioning of witnesses and the examination of physical evidence found at the place where the accident occurred.

He must try to find a witness who can testify to the violation or some elements of it.

Key event. When two or more traffic units are involved in an accident, the conduct of each traffic unit is studied separately, as each traffic unit creates its own chain of events contributing to the total accident situation. In every accident one event in the chain of events is the "key event". This is the event that fixes the time and place of the accident. From this time and place the investigator can measure other events. The key event, therefore, determines the time, place and type of accident, and whichever of the following events occurs first:

l. Running of the road; 2. Collision on the road;

3. Over-turning or other non-collision event on the road. Accident investigator. Accident investigators should have a

standard procedure for handling accident investigations. Briefly, this routine is divided into six parts as follows:

1. Prepare for the investigation;

2. Prevent a secondary accident;

3. Secure the facts of the accident;

4. Record the facts;

5. Determine what happened;

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6. Follow-up procedures.

Photographs should be taken as soon as possible after arrival at the scene.

Statements should be secured from the first officer on the scene аnd from witnesses and participants. If possible, have these individuals write their own stories of the accident.

Diagrams, together with photographs and statements, make up the portion of an investigation most likely to be utilised in court presentation of the case.

Skid marks must be identified with the vehicle that made them by a statement from the operator, statements of witnesses, by the investigator following each skid mark to the wheels of the vehicle or by a combination of these techniques. Measurements of skid marks should be made, if possible while the vehicle is still in its final rest position. This, plus photographs of the vehicle and skid marks, have a high evidential value in court presentations.

Active words

a motor vehicle, traffic accident, cause (v.n), injury, damage (v,n), to ascertain, claim, traffic unit, collision, skid marks, pedestrian, environment, to secure, to handle, wheel, event, motion, finalrest.

III. Read and translate the words, paying attention to affixes and conversion.

to prevent – prevention – preventive, tо violate – violation – violence; to measure – measurement, to arrive – arrival; to state – statement, to present – presentation, to cause – causation – cause; separate – separately; collision – non-collision.

IV. Read and translate the group of words

a motor vehicle traffic accident; to cause death, injury, property damage; to violate laws; to ascertain the facts; to reconstruct the accident; to testify to the violation of the law; to handle accident investigation; to secure statements; measurements of skid marks; photographs of the vehicle; to handle accident investigation; skid marks; photographs of the vehicle; to handle an accident.

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V. Answer the questions.

1.What is a motor vehicle traffic accident?

2.What is the purpose of investigating accidents?

3.When can the investigator measure other events in every traffic accident?

4.Which parts does the procedure for handling accident investigation consist of?

5.What has a high evidential value in court presentation?

VI. Read and translate the following sentences. Find the true sentences. Correct the false ones.

1.A motor vehicle traffic accident occurs when a motor vehicle in motion on a public street causes property damage, injury or death.

2.The purpose of investigating accidents is to reconstruct the accident only from the questioning of witnesses.

3.In every accident all the events in the chain of events are the "key events".

4.Photographs should be taken after the examination of the scene is over.

5.The investigator should identify skid marks with the vehicle that made them.

6.Measurements of skid marks and photographs of the vehicle and skid marks have a high evidential value in court presentation.

VII. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the words in bold.

1.The investigator is to establish for sure that the skid marks were made by the motor vehicle involved.

2.The event was reconstructed from the questioning of the wit-

nesses.

3.It was ascertained that the only responsible person for the traffic accident was the pedestrian.

4.The investigating officer determined the circumstances that created the environment in which the event took place.

5.The collision on the road may cause death, injury, or property damage.

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6.Those involved in the accident exercised claim after the facts of the responsibility of the driver had been ascertained during the accident investigation.

7.The first, officer on the scene should secure statements from the witnesses and participants.

8.While handling the accident investigation the officer should fix the position of the final rest of the traffic unit involved.

VIII. Read and translate the sentences.

1.The investigator must never make a promise he cannot keep, he should keep all the promises he makes.

2.The interrogator states he does not need any confession. 3.When the answer is not that the interrogator expects, he puts

down his pencil sceptically, looks at the suspect, shakes his head.

4.The most difficult phase of the investigation is collecting the facts necessary in the trial to prove the guilt of the accused.

5.The witness is describing a criminal act he actually saw.

6.The function of the rules of evidence is to limit the evidence the witness may present to those things of which he has a direct knowledge.

7.A witness can only testify to the facts and not to any conclusions he may have drawn from the facts.

IX. Read and translate the text. You may use a dictionary.

FIRST OFFICER ON THE SCENE

(STANDARD ACCIDENT SCENE PROCEDURES)

The police officer on the scene of an accident should proceed as follows:

I. Survey the scene and determine type of aid and assistance required.

2.Call for, or have а responsible person call for, necessary assistance: ambulance to remove the injured; a tow-truck, an accident investigation squad, etc.

3.Locate operator, or operators, involved and obtain licenses, and ignition keys. Prevent driver from leaving the scene or a vehicle from being moved before the driver is authorised to move it.

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4.Request capable volunteers to help safeguard the area, prevent fire, secondary accidents, and movement of injured by unskilled individuals, and the eradication of skid marks or the destruction of other physical evidence at the scene. Detour traffic if necessary.

5.Attend to the injured person or persons, make themcomfortable physically and mentally, and assure them that aid is on the way-and administer first aid procedures. The treatment of shock and prevention of loss of blood are important first aid procedures in accident cases.

6.Obtain names and addresses of witnesses. Ask them what happened. Let them tell the story without interruption. Only when the story is finished should questions be asked to clarify or supplement the story of the witness. Reduce statements to writing. Question operators in the same manner and also put their statements into writing. Question each individual privately, out of hearing of the other participants or witnesses.

The officer first on the scene should make every effort to secure statements because the tendency for participants and witnesses to tell the truth in these cases varies with the time distance from the impact. The closer the questioning is to the moment of impact, the greater the likelihood of an officer securing a true statement of the events leading up to the accident and the facts of the accident.

7.If possible, obtain from the person or persons injured the following information: name; address, age; nearest relative's name, relationship, address, and telephone number; statement of what occurred; and if language barrier or unconscious, take full description of the person and clothing.

8.On arrival of other officers, take charge until arrival of superior officer or member of the Accident Investigation Squad, and then report on what has been done and the information obtained, and relinquish command at scene.

9.Police action is required, either assisting the assigned accident investigator or assisted by such officer.

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Reading material

The Case of The Alarming Accident

"Where were you at three twenty yesterday afternoon,

Mrs. Derby?" Detective Artemus Flint asked the nervouslooking woman standing at the door of her home.

"I? Why, I . . . why do you want to know?" she asked. "At three twenty someone turned in a false fire alarm,"

Detective Flint explained. 'The alarm was sent from this street. So a lot of policemen have been going from door to door asking people where they were yesterday afternoon and whether they noticed anyone near the fire-alarm box. I'm working along with them. "

"Why did the police send so many men? Surely they've gotbetter things to do, like fighting serious crimes," snapped the woman.

"This is a serious crime," Flint informed her. "You see," he said, looking her in the eye, "a man is in the hospital because of' that false alarm."

Mrs. Derby flinched. "The hospital.? What happened?"

"In the heavy fog, one of the fire trucks answering the alarm crashed into a lamp post near your home. The driver was injured badly. " Flint paused to let his words sink in. Then he said, "Now that you realise what a serious crime was committed, Mrs. Derby, I'll ask you again: Where were you at three twenty yesterday afternoon? "

"Goodness," she muttered, "you act as if I'd done something wrong. It's all very simple really. I was driving home from the beauty parlour. As I sat in my car at the corner of Seventh and Washington Streets, waiting for the light to change, I happened to look down the street. I noticed that the Kwality Supermarket on Sixth was having a sale on apples. They had an ad in their window. So I drove there and looked at the apples. But I didn't like the way they looked, so I drove right home. I got home at three thirty, in time for my favourite soap opera."

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