English_for_Police_Officers
.pdfcriminal attempted to murder a taxi driver.
6.The search of the crime scene is in some offences the most important part of the investigation. The investigator should search the crime scene thoroughly and accurately.
7.The interview is the method by which the investigator obtains information. The investigator should interview the persons who can give useful information.
XIV. Read and render the text.
A criminal investigator is a person who collects facts to accomplish three aims: to identify and locate the guilty party and to provide evidence of his guilt. The tools of the investigator are referred to as the three "I's", namely, information, interrogation and instrumentation. By the application of the three "I's" the investigator gathers the facts which are necessary to establish the guilt of the accused in a criminal trial.
It should be noted that there are no normative criteria for judging the success or failure of an investigation. The fact that the crime remains unsolved does not indicate a failure of the investigation and a conviction of the accused does not mean that the investigation was conducted in an intelligent manner. An investigation may be considered a success if all the available information relevant to the case is uncovered. It is a common misconception that every crime can be solved; that there is always sufficient evidence available because criminals almost always leave traces at the crime scene.
XV. Read and translate the text with a dictionary.
To the general public the concept of "solving the crime"-means the process of discovering the identity of the suspect and apprehending him. These are only two of the objectives for an investigator and they leave the investigator far from his ultimate aim of presenting sufficient evidence in court. Finding the criminal is often the simplest phase of the investigation; gathering the evidence to support the charge in court is a very complex task.
Most crimes can be solved. The investigation will be considered successful if the available physical evidence was collected, the witnesses intelligently interviewed, the suspect effectively interrogated, and the case clearly and accurately reported.
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Lesson 4
Text: Crime Scene Search
Grammar: Complex Forms of Participles.
Absolute Participle Construction.
I. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the complex forms of Participles.
1.Being interviewed by the officer, the person gave useful information for the investigation of the crime.
2.Having been invented by Mr. Edward Henry, Inspector General of Police, Bengal, in 1900, the system of identification of criminals by fingerprints has been widely used.
3.Having been identified, the criminal was traced and located.
4.Having gathered valuable evidence and found competent witnesses, the police officer solved the crime quickly.
5.Having been established by the police, the criminal's modus operandi helped to identify him.
6.Having interviewed witnesses and studied evidence, the investigator could reconstruct the offence.
II. Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to Participle I and the Absolute Participle Construction.
1.The elements of the criminal offence being important for any police officer, he must study the penal law.
2.The evidence of guilt being sufficient, the suspect was found guilty and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.
3.The identification having been made by some objective eyewitnesses, the criminal confessed of his guilt.
4.The presence of malice being proved by facts, the punishment will be more severe.
5.Circumstantial evidence being established from the statement of witnesses, the investigating officer wanted to find some physical evidence.
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6.The discovered lead having been very important, the police began to develop it.
7.Motive in crimes of personal violence being connected with a strong personal hatred, evidence of quarrels should be searched for in investigating assault and murder.
III. Read and translate the words.
type, contact(n,v), form(v,n), effect (n,v), to assist, to isolate, object (n,v), situation, photograph (v,n), principle, category, manner.
IV. Read and translate the text.
CRIME SCENE SEARCH
General
In certain types of offences the search of the crime scene is the most important part of the investigation. Many kinds of crimes do not have a "scene" in the sense of an area, where traces are usually found. Offences such as forgery and embezzlement require no physical activities in their commission. Crimes of violence, however, involve a struggle, a break, and use of weapons for homicide, assault and burglary. The criminal is in contact with the physical surroundings in a forceful manner. Traces may be left in the form of clothing, shoe impressions, fingerprints, bloodstains, etc. It is not only the effect of the criminal on the scene to be considered but also the manner in which the scene may have left traces on the criminal. Being found on a suspect these traces may later link him to the scene.
Preliminary
Actions and duties of the investigator on first arriving at the scene of the crime are as follows:
a)to identify and, if possible, retain for questioning the person who first notified the police;
b)to determine the perpetrator by direct inquiry or observation of his identity;
c)to detain all the persons present at the scene;
d)to summon assistance if necessary;
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e)to safeguard and isolate the area;
f)to separate the witnesses so as to obtain independent state-
ments;
g)not to touch or move any object.
Survey
At this stage the investigator should take physical actions. He forms quick opinion of what has happened. He makes an estimate of the situation. The estimate having been formed, the investigator determines the number, kind and views of the photographs he wishes to be taken. The photography having been accomplished, he may proceed with the search.
Search
The examination must be thorough. A plan of search should be formed which will cover the entire scene. This plan must be closely followed. In gathering the evidence some principles of selection must be employed. As the basic guide the investigator should look upon the evidence as serving to establish one more of the following:
a)the corpus delicti or the fact that the crime was committed;
b)the method of operation of the perpetrator;
c)the identity of the guilty person.
The investigator must carefully study the evidence to determine the significance of the above..
He is to search for two kinds of evidence. In the first category there are those facts and materials which establish the elements of proof. They may show that a crime has been committed in a certain manner, which indicates the degree of the crime and reveals the modus operandi of the criminal. Other evidence may serve to trace the criminal, for example, fingerprints. The fingerprints establish the fact that the criminal was at the scene and assist in tracing the criminal.
Active words
area, break (v,n), forgery, embezzlement, force (v,n), to gather, surroundings, blood stains, link (v,n), inquiry, to detain, to summon, to safeguard, to touch, to move, survey (n,v), estimate (v,n), method of operation - modus operandi, preliminary, to require.
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V. Read and translate the words, paying attention to affixes and conversion.
to require – requirement, to surround – surroundings, force – forceful, to inquire – inquiry, to notify – notification, to move – movement; to examine – examination, to cover – to uncover, to employ – employment – unemployment, significance – significant – insignificant;
to guide – guide, to break – break, to link – link, to estimate – estimate, to touch – touch, to question – question.
VI. Answer the questions.
1.Is the search of the crime scene the most important part of investigation?
2.In what types of crimes is the criminal in contact with the physical surroundings in a forceful manner?
3.What traces may be left on the scene?
4.What are the actions and duties of the investigator on his first arriving at the crime scene?
5.When are photographs taken?
6.What does the investigator do after the photographing has been accomplished?
7.What principle must be employed in gathering evidence?
8.What kinds of evidence does the investigator search for?
9.What may evidence serve to establish?
VII. Read and translate the sentences. Find the true sentences and correct the false ones.
1.The search of the scene of the crime is in all types of offences the most important part of the investigation.
2.Offences such as forgery and embezzlement require physical activity in their commission.
3.In homicide, assault and burglary the criminal is in contact with the physical surroundings in a forceful manner.
4.Traces may be left only in the form of fingerprints and shoe impressions.
5.The investigator needn't consider the manner in which the scene may have left traces on the criminal as it is of no importance.
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6.On arriving at the crime scene the first thing the investigator must do is to make an estimate of the situation.
7.It is not necessary to detain all the persons at the scene.
8.While conducting a preliminary survey the investigator takes physical actions.
8.When the photographing has been accomplished the investigator forms the plan of the search.
VIII. Read and translate the groups of words.
to require physical activity, crimes of violence, to be in contact with the surroundings, to leave traces, the traces found on a suspect, to determine the perpetrator, to safeguard and isolate the area, to make an estimate of the situation, to take photographs, to form the plan of the search, to gather evidence, to basic guide, to establish corpus delicti and the method of operation, to establish elements of proof, to determine the significance of evidence.
IX. Read and translate the sentences.
1.The photographing having taken place, a detailed search of the area may begin.
2.By the end of the survey clues and evidentiary traces will have been gathered and preserved without specific regard of their relation to the crime.
3.The main search having been completed, the investigator estimated the evidence gathered.
4.A preliminary inquiry into the charges against the person has begun this week.
5.The investigator must be able to discover the way in which the perpetrator may have carried with him the evidentiary material that may link him to the crime.
6.If the criminal has escaped from the crime scene, inquiries are at once made of persons in the surroundings in order to obtain their descriptions.
7.No criminal having been found in the neighbourhood, the next step by the investigator is to make a thorough search of the area and establish his modus operandi.
8.Forgery and embezzlement being serious crimes, the legisla-
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ture has provided strict punishment for them.
9. Blood stains having been discovered at the crime scene, a police officer was summoned to the scene.
X. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction
1.The crime scene search being the most important part in investigation of some types of offences, the detective must perform it carefully, methodically and according to a plan.
2.The witnesses having been interviewed intelligently, the information obtained was very useful.
3.The eyewitnesses having notified the police about the crime and having given the description of the perpetrator, the police could apprehend him soon after the commission of the offence.
4.The search having been conducted effectively, much valuable evidence was found, collected and preserved.
5.Assistance having been summoned quickly, the doctors could save the life of the woman.
6.Forgery and embezzlement requiring no physical activities in their commission, they have no "scene" in the sense of an area where traces are usually found.
7.The photographs having been taken, the investigator proceeded with the preliminary survey.
8.The detectives working very effectively, they are sure to find the criminal soon.
9.The method of operation of the malefactor having been established, he was identified as the person responsible for committing the burglary.
XI. Read and translate the following sentences.
1.Homicide is the killing of a human being. It may be a murder or a less serious crime or no offence at all.
2.If a homicide is committed under such circumstances as to be neither justifiable nor excusable it is not, and never was, a mere misdemeanour, but always a felony.
3.Since there was no evidence the charge of larceny was disproved.
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4.The criminal could be found nowhere.
5.In order to enforce some social regulations special administrative courts have been set up applying rules, which are neither civil nor criminal but administrative.
6.Nobody witnessed the commission of the crime.
7.The police officer failed to collect evidence to prove the guilt of the accused.
8.The police collected no evidence to prove the guilt of the ac-
cused.
9.The evidence was not strong enough to arrest him.
10.No person may be placed under arrest except by a decision of a court or a procurator.
11.The difference between felonies and misdemeanours are no longer so numerous as they once were.
12.Nothing must be touched or moved at the crime scene until the examination has been completed.
XII. Read and render the text. Answer the questions.
1.What is the main objective of every investigator?
2.Where is the actual solution of an offence?
3.What are the duties of the investigator at the crime scene?
4.What kinds of evidence can be found at the crime scene?
THE WORK OF AN INVESTIGATOR
The main objective of a criminal investigation is to establish evidence of guilt against a person who has committed an offence. To do this work successfully, an investigator must have broad knowledge, good experience and education, he also should be able to collect and analyse evidence. The actual solution of an offence is in the crime scene and it is there that the detective goes as soon as information of a crime is got.
An offence was committed. The detective arrives at the crime scene. His very first duty will be to arrest the suspect if he can. If he is late, than he must isolate and protect the crime scene and summon assistance to begin the investigation properly. The first step will be to take photographs.
The second stage is a preliminary survey. The detective deter-
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mines the boundaries of the scene and the succession of search of it that is whether the search should be conducted from the centre of the scene towards its boundaries or from the boundaries towards its centre. Then the search of the scene and object is planned. An effective search is one of the most difficult tasks for an investigator. He discovers fixes and studies footprints, fingerprints, impressions and traces as well as other physical evidence.
Impressions and traces, and other physical evidence may be found on the tools of the crime, on the place of entering the crime scene and escaping from it by the offender, on stolen things, etc. Everything that may be of importance should be recorded and preserved.
XIII. Read and translate the text. Use a dictionary.
AT THE CRIME SCENE
The second stage of the crime is the most fruitful source of information. It provides experts with important clues.
The first duty of the police officer is, to discover the scene of the crime, to isolate it and to protect. The next step will be to take photographs so that there will be a permanent record of what was first seen. The photographer will take photographs from many angles. After the photographs have been taken the detailed investigation may begin. To do this work properly the police officer must work methodically and according to a plan. He should begin at once to note the clues that fade or alter with time, e.g. smell state of weather, temperature, light. The policemen should methodically examine the scene and find out: TOA (time of arrival); whether the doors are open or shut; the windows are open or closed; the electric lights are on or off; the blinds are down or up; there is any smell (of a cigar, gas, perfume, petrol, etc), as well as weather conditions.
The officer undertaking the preliminary search must be careful not to move anything. Clues must not be destroyed. The position of clues should be noted by marks, e.g. a chalk mark on the floor of a room or by a sketch. The objects found at the crime scene should be properly handled not to destroy the evidence on them.
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Lesson 5
Text: Search and Seizures
Grammar: Means of Expressing Modality.
Modal Verbs with Perfect Infinitives
1. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to modal-
ity.
1.The investigator must know the fact that the actual solution of the crime is in the scene of the crime.
2.At the crime scene the suspect may leave his fingerprints, which can be used to establish his identity.
3.The witness couldn't identify the suspect.
4.The young officer is to investigate this larceny.
5.Offences can be committed by acts of commission.
6.As soon as the suspect is found, he is to be interviewed by a police investigator.
7.Every attempt to commit а crime is to be punished.
8.No child under the age of eight can be guilty of any offence.
9.An embezzlement inquiry may last for months before the offender is arrested.
10.When a detective examines the scene of the crime he has to be very careful not to omit important clues.
II. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to Modal Verbs with the Perfect Infinitive.
1.You must have collected evidence of that crime and prepared the case for trial by now.
2.The burglars should have been detected and arrested at once.
3.The offender could have escaped from the scene but he was
identified and apprehended.
4.We should have conducted the search much quicker.
5.The initial photography of the footmark must have been done before the rain.
6.Some property must have been stolen before the fire.
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