5. What is the best definition of 'c'?

1. a low-level, compiled programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX operating system;

2. a high-level, interpreted programming language written by Larry Wall in 1986 and typically used for a wide variety of programming tasks including system administration;

3. a popular web page scripting language created by Brendan Eich at Netscape to provide client-side interactivity in Web pages.

6. What is the best definition of 'Perl'?

1. a high-level, interpreted programming language written by Larry Wall in 1986 and typically used for a wide variety of programming tasks including system administration;

2. a popular web page scripting language created by Brendan Eich at Netscape to provide client-side interactivity in Web pages;

3. a low-level, compiled programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX operating system.

7. What is the best definition of 'syntax'?

1. rules governing the structure of a programming language;

2. any programming language that is based on a step-by-step approach to solving a problem;

3. a program that takes human readable code and turns it into machine readable code for running at a later time.

8. What is the best definition of 'Java'?

1. a popular web page scripting language created by Brendan Eich at Netscape to provide client-side interactivity in Web pages;

2. a high-level, interpreted programming language written by Larry Wall in 1986 and typically used for a wide variety of programming tasks including system administration;

3. a high-level, compiled, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems.

9. What is the best definition of 'elegant code'?

1. concise, clean, and clear code which allows other developers to understand and extend it;

2. any programming language that is based on a step-by-step approach to solving a problem;

3. a program that takes human readable code and turns it into machine readable code for running at a later time.

10. What is the best definition of 'PHP' or 'PHP Hypertext Preprocessor'?

1. a low-level, compiled programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the UNIX operating system;

2. a high-level, interpreted programming language written by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and aimed mainly at web developers creating dynamic applications;

3. a high-level, interpreted programming language developed by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands.

(based on: http://www.english4it.com)

16. Write an abstract to the text Top 10 Most Popular Programming Languages.

17. Read and translate the text:

Characteristics of C programming language

Like most imperative languages in the ALGOLtradition, C hasfacilities for structured programmingand allowslexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines, which are called "functions" (although not in the strict sense of functional programming). Functionparametersare alwayspassed by value. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointervalues. C program source text is free-format, using thesemicolon as a statementterminator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements.

The C language also exhibits the following more specific characteristics:

• There are a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of flow of controlprimitives: for,if,while,switch, anddo..while. There is basically onenamespace, and user-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.

• There are a large number of arithmetical and logical operators, such as +, +=, ++, &, ~, etc.

• More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement.

• Function return values can be ignored when not needed.

• Typing is static, butweakly enforced: all data has a type, but implicit conversions can be performed; for instance, characters can be used as integers.

• Declaration syntaxmimics usage context. C has no "define" keyword; instead, a statement beginning with the name of a type is taken as a declaration.

• Heterogeneous aggregate data types (struct) allow related data elements to be accessed, for example assigned, as a unit.

• Arrayindexing is a secondary notion, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic. Unlike structs, arrays are not first-class objects; they cannot be assigned or compared using single built-in operators. There is no "array" keyword, in use or definition; instead, square brackets indicate arrays syntactically.

• Enumerated typesare possible with the enum keyword. They are not tagged, and are freelyinterconvertible with integers.

• Strings are not a separate data type, but are conventionally implemented as null-terminatedarrays of characters.

• Low-level access to computer memoryis possible by converting machine addresses to typedpointers.

• Procedures(subroutines not returning values) are a special case of function, with a dummy return typevoid.

• Functions may not be defined within the lexical scope of other functions.

• Function and data pointers permit ad hoc run-time polymorphism.

• A preprocessorperformsmacrodefinition, source codefile inclusion, and conditional compilation.

• Complex functionality such as I/O,stringmanipulation, andmathematical functions are consistently delegated to library routines.

(based on: http://en.wikipedia.org)