1 Suffixes

• The letters at the end of a word often indicate what type of word it is.

recession

noun (economic decline)

viable

adjective (financially workable)

strongly

adverb (in a strong way)

• -proof is a common suffix for adjectives. We use waterproof to describe something that water cannot penetrate. What things could these adjectives describe?

sound-proof

bullet-proof

fireproof

Inflation-proof

foolproof

2 Prefixes

• The prefix inter- means

between. So interrailed means 'travelled by train (rail) between countries'. Can you think of any other words that begin with inter-?

• A minimum order is the smallest quantity of goods that can be ordered. So what does the prefix mini- mean? Think of more words that begin mini-.

• Nick is no longer a student. He is an ex-student. We can use the prefix ex- in front of other nouns that refer to people. Think of more 'people' nouns with the prefix ex-.

3 Word families

• Several English words can come from the same root. For example, the verb to survive (to continue to live) is related to the noun survival. What is a survivor?

• A creator is a person who makes or creates things. Think of more words that come from the same root as creator.

• Think of words that come from the same root as these words: product, economic.

• Economic and economical are both adjectives (words that describe things). What is the difference in meaning?

GRAMMAR NOTE

English nouns can be divided into two groups: countable and

uncountable.

We use the words many and a few with countable nouns such as computer and idea. With uncountable nouns such as information and help, we use much and a little.

Exercise №4. Complete this questionnaire about computers and IT (information technology). Use much or many in the spaces.

1. How_____ times have you used a computer in the last seven day»?

2. How_____ time do you spend each day working on a computer?

3. How_____ staff have direct access to a computer in your work place?

4. How_____ has been spent on IT by your organization in the last two years?

5. How_____ of your organization’s equipment needs updating?

6. How_____ of your work do you do on a computer?

7. How_____ effect have computers had on the way you work?

8. How_____ different software programs do you use on a regular basis?

9. How_____ training have you received in using IT?

10. How_____ help is available when you encounter difficulties?

TEXT 3B.

Read the text and make up of summary of it.

TRADE IN SERVICES

Trade in services is now an important element of world economic ties. The major exporters and importers of services are the USA and Great Britain, Japan and Germany, France and Italy. Its volume has greatly increased recently. The UK, for example, gains half of its overseas EARNINGS from its service industries.

There are new services associated with the rapid developments of telecommunication facilities and computer equipment and traditional ones. They cover transport and tourism, CATERING and hotel facilities, banking, finance and insurance, science, education and personal training, trade warehousing and communications. Services may be engineering-and consulting, information-and-computer, data-processing, advertising, legal, stock exchange and intermediary, leasing market research and quality control, after-sales and technical maintenance.

Numerous modern services are also related to the export of scientific, technical and production experiences (know-how, patents and licenses). Such services as training of foreign students and the activity of international organizations on the territory of the country may bring it good earnings too, for example, these services bring the USA the world's largest revenues.

On the other hand, this diversification leads to the fact that each engineering export firm specializes in a few economic sectors to make its services competitive, for example, pre-investment services, those linked with the design and construction of projects, special services and consultations-modernization, control-modernization, control systems, computers, market research, cartography and many others.

To by-pass the existing restrictions in certain developed and developing countries for trade in services, American transnational corporations have been setting up their own local network of services throughout the whole world.

Text 3C.

1. Read the text about Great Britain’s trading companies and their activities.

2. Find out how big companies organize selling goods at home and abroad.

3. What is the difference between agents and distributors.

AGENTS AND DISTRIBUTORS

Big companies in Great Britain have their own network of distributive organization to sell their goods at home and abroad. But smaller companies prefer doing their business abroad through intermediaries: agents and distributors.

The relations between commercial Agents and their Principals are determined by agency agreements on a commission or Consignment Basis, the difference being that the consignment agent sells the goods in his name and for his principal's account like a commission agent and in addition he pays duties and taxes as well as for obtaining the import license if necessary and often for advertising and for keeping the goods in

consignment warehouse and gets a higher commission accordingly. Also, a consignment agent may have to provide technical advice and after-sales service to customers.

Any overseas agency agreement should include: in detail all the duties and obligations to be undertaken by both parties. The main purpose of an Agent is seeking out customers and contracting with them on the Principal's behalf for the sale of the Principal's products in his country.

It is necessary to distinguish clearly between the Agent and the Distributor. The essential difference is that whereas the commercial Agent is engaged in the negotiation with customers about a contract for the sale of goods on behalf of a principal and for his account for which the Agent reserves an agreed commission, the Distributor operates on his account as an independent purchases for sale of the Supplier's products, getting his remuneration from whatever profit he may make out of these sales. In the former case the Principal usually incurs the obligation to supply to, and the right to be paid direct, by the customer; in the latter it is the Distributor who enjoys all rights and incurs all liabilities attached to contracts of supply.

The appointment of a sole and exclusive Distributor of his products in a foreign country can and usually does hold considerable advantages for the Supplier. Where the Distributor is a specialist trader, his knowledge of local trading conditions and possession of a distributive network in a given territory will be of invaluable assistance to a supplier wishing to enter or expand in that market! Besides, local legal and linguistic problems are overcome; sales are more easily promoted and marketing made more intensive; and continuity of supply and the rationalization of distribution are made more effective. Finally, adequate stocks will enable to keep the market regularly and speedly supplied and before-and after-sales service where necessary is readily provided.

The relations between the Distributor and the Supplier are determined by a distributionship agreement [contract], stating that the Supplier grants to the Distributor the sole and exclusive right to purchase from the Supplier certain specified goods for sale in a given territory.

Text 3D.

Read the text without using a dictionary and explain:

1. Why are there different ways to sell such products as metal, cars, fur, tea, animals?

2. What are the advantages of tender trade for developing countries?

COMMODITY EXCHANGES, AUCTIONS,TENDERS

Commodity Exchanges deal in raw materials and some items of produce, such as cotton, wheat, vegetable oils, etc. As these goods can be accurately graded and the grades practically remain unchanged every year. The goods are bought and sold at commodity exchanges according to grades or standards, and on the basis of standard contract terms. And commodity exchanges are called accordingly: the Wheat Exchange, the Metal Exchange and so on.

In Great Britain you can take part in sessions at the London Metal Exchange, the London Commodity Exchange dealing in cocoa, rubber and sugar, the Liverpool Cotton and Corn. Exchanges or the Bradford Wool Exchange.

Nowadays Commodity Exchanges are loosing their role as markets of physical goods and are becoming mainly futures exchanges where deals are chiefly made for speculation purposes or for hedging.

The goods like fur and tea, bristles and spices whose quality varies from year to year, from lot to lot cannot be accurately graded and are sold at auctions according to sample.

Before the auction begins, the lots are inspected by future buyers and then sold to the highest bidder.

Horses or other animals are also sold and hought at auctions.

International auctions in Russia have been held since 1937. V/O "Russian-pushnina" is arranging fur auctions in ST.Petersburg. V/O "Prodintort" has been arranging sales of race horses by auction since 1965.

Trade by tenders is frequently used in developing countries for construction work or for delivery of goods. General terms and conditions of the future deal are announced beforehand and the contract is given to the suppliers who offered the lowest price and the most favourable terms.

Unit 4

Unit 4
Text: World of Money
	Grammar: The Infinitive. Complex Object Complex Subject

Grammar Exercises.

Запомните случаи, в которых инфинитив употребляется без частицы “to”: после модальных глаголов; после глаголов to take и to make; в сложном дополнении после глаголов восприятия: to see, to hear, to feel, ect.; после выражений: I would rather… You had better…

Exercise I

Fill in the blanks with the particle to where necessary.

1. I like ... dance. 2. I'd like ... dance. 3. I shall do all I can ... help you. 4. She made me ... repeal my words several times. 5. I saw him ... enter the room. 6. She did not let her mother ... go away. 7. Do you like ... listen to good music? 8. Would you like ... listen to good music? 9. That funny scene made me ... laugh. 10. I like ... play the guitar. 11. My brother can ... speak French. 12. We had ... put on our overcoats because it was cold. 13. They wanted ... cross the river. 14. It is high time for you ... go to bed. 15. May I ... use your telephone? 16. They heard the girl ... cry out with joy. 17. I would rather I Stay at home today. 18. He did not want ... play in the yard any more. 19. Would you like ... go to England? 20. You look tired. You had better ... go home. 21. I wanted ... speak to Nick, but could not L find his telephone number. 22. It is time ... get up. 23. Let me ... help you with your homework. 24. I was planning ... do a lot of things yesterday. 25. I'd like ... speak to you. 26. I think I shall be able ... solve this problem. 27. What makes you ... think you are right? 28. He must ... do it.

Exercise II

Change the sentences according to the examples.

• E.g. The boy had many toys which he could play with.

The boy had many toys to play with.

1. Here is something which will warm you up. 2. Here is a new brush which you will clean your teeth with. 3. Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct. 4. Here is something which you can rub on your hands. It will soften them. 5. Here are some screws with which you ban fasten the shelves to the wall. 6. Here are some tablets which will relieve your headache. 7. Here are some articles which must be translated for tomor­row. 8. Who has a pen or a pencil to spare? I need something I could write with. 9. I have brought you a book which you can read now, but be sure and re­turn it by Saturday. 10. Soon we found that there was another complicated problem that we were to Consider. 11. The girl was quite young when both her parents died and she remained alone with two younger brothers whom she had to take care of. 12. I have no books which 1 can read. 13. Is there anybody who will help you with your spelling? 14. Don't forget that she has a baby which she must take care of. 15. Have you got nothing that you want to say on this subject? 16. There was nothing that he could do except go home. 17. I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you. 18. I have an exam which 1 must take soon, so I can't go to the theatre tonight. 19. King Lear decided to have a hundred knights who would serve him after he had divided up his kingdom.

Сравните употребление Active Infinitive и Passive Infinitive to write—to be written
I am glad to help you. I am glad to be helped.	Рад помочь. (Рад, что я помогаю). Рад, что мне помогают.

Exercise III

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Active Infinitive and the Perfect Infinitive.

1. То play chess was his greatest pleasure. 2. The child did not like to be washed. 3. Isn't it natural that we like to be praised and don't like to be scolded? 4. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents? 5. Nature has many, secrets to be discovered yet. 6. To improve your pronunciation you should record yourself and analyse your speech. 7. This is the book to be read during the summer holidays. 8. То be instructed by such a good specialist was a great advantage. 9. He is very forgetful, but he doesn't like to be reminded of his duties.

Сравните употребление Indefinite Infinitive и Perfect Infinitive to write—to be written
I am glad to see you. I am glad to have seen you.	Рад видеть вас. (Рад, что I вижу вас.) Рад, что повидал вас.

Exercise IV

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Perfect Infinitive.

1. The child was happy to have been brought home. 2. Jane remembered to have been told a lot about Mr Rochester. 3. The children were delighted to have been brought to the circus. 4. I am sorry to have spoilt your mood. 5. Maggie was very sorry to have forgotten to feed the rabbits. 6. I am awfully glad to have met you. 7. Sorry to have placed you in this disagreeable situation. 8. I am very happy to have had the pleasure of making your acquaintance. 9. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 10. Clyde was awfully glad to have renewed his acquaintance with Sondra. 11. Sorry not to have noticed you. 12. I am sorry to have added some more trouble by what I have told you. 13. When Clyde looked at the girl closely, he remembered to have seen her in Sondra's company. 14. I remembered to have been moved by the scene I witnessed.

Формы инфинитива
			Active		Passive
Indefinite (Simple)			to write		to be written
Continuous			to be writing
Perfect			to have written		to have been written
Perfect Continuous			to have been writing
Что значат эти формы? Рассмотрите предложения, иллюстрирующие значение разных форм инфинитива.
Чему я рад?
Active	Indefinite (Simple)	1 am glad to speak to you.		Рад поговорить с ва­ми. (Всегда радуюсь, когда говорю с вами.)
	Continu­ous	I am glad to be speaking to you.		Рад, что сейчас раз­говариваю с вами.
	Perfect	I am glad to have spoken to you.		Рад, что поговорил с вами.
	Perfect Continu­ous	I am glad to have been speaking to you.		Рад, что уже давно (все это время) раз­говариваю с вами.
Passive	indefinite (Simple)	1 am (always) glad to be told the news.		Всегда рад, когда мне рассказывают новости.
	Perfect	I am glad to have been told the news.		Рад, что мне рас­сказали новости.

Exercise V

Open the brackets and use the proper form of the Infinitive.

1. I hate (to bother) you, but the students are still waiting (to give) books for their work. 2. He seized every opportunity (to appear) in public: he was so anxious (to talk) about. 3. Is there anything else (to tell) her? I believe she deserves (to know) the state of her sick brother. 4. He began writing books not because he wanted (to earn) a living. He wanted (to read) and not (to forget). 5. I consider myself lucky (to be) to that famous exhibition and (to see) so many wonderful paintings. 6. He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in Paris. 7. The enemy army was reported (to overthrow) the defence lines and (to advance) towards the suburbs of the city. 8. The woman pretended (to read) and (not to hear) the bell. 9. You seem (to look) for troub­le. 10. It seemed (to snow) heavily since early morn­ing: the ground was covered with a deep layer of snow. 11. They seemed (to quarrel): I could hear an­gry voices from behind the door. 12. They are sup­posed (to work) at the problem for the last two months. 13. The only sound (to hear) was the snor­ing of grandfather in the bedroom. 14. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) it dur­ing the general cleaning. It turned out (to drop) be­tween the sofa and the wall. 15. They seemed (to wait) for ages.

Exercise №6. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the infinitives.

1. More than 25 firms were ready to take part in our exhibition.

2. To use properly any modern equipment you should attentively study and follow all instructions.

3. Goods to be transported to the port are stored at the railway station.

4. Many electronic devices help to make a great number of calculations within seconds.

5. This work must be done as soon as possible.

6. Prices and terms are reported to be discussed at the conference of producers.

7. It is unfair to say such things.

8. We were glad to hear of your great success.

9. Couldn’t you recognize this brand at once?

10. Would you like our colleagues to arrive tomorrow a bit earlier?

11. Mr. Walter was the first to come and the last to leave.

12. The engineers had to stop their tests to consider results obtained.

13. You are reported to have changed the rout of our business tour.

14. How did you manage to get here before us?

15. Everybody waited for the rain to stop.

Exercise 7

Change complex sentences into sentences with the Complex Object.

• E.g. I expect that she will send me a letter.

I expect her to send me a letter.

I know that he is a great scientist.

I know him to be a great scientist.

1. I know that my friend is a just man. 2. I expect that he will understand your problem and help you to solve it. 3. I expected that she would behave quite differently. 4. I did not expect that my brother would forget to send her flowers. 5. He knows that my mother is a very kind woman. 6. She expected that her brother would bring her the book. 7. I know that your uncle is an excellent mathematician 8. People expect that the 21st century will bring peace on the Earth. 9. We know that it is true.

I want the work to be done = I want the work done

Exercise8

Translate the following sentences paying attention on the Complex Object.

1. He wanted his letters posted at once. 2. I don't want my papers looked through. 3. She did not want her child taken to hospital. 4. She gave him some papers and said that the client wanted them signed. 5. The teacher wants our homework to be prepared well. 6. Would you like your luggage carried upstairs? 7. I want a bedroom prepared for my guest. H. If you want things done well, do them yourself. 9. I should very much like it to be made clear to me. 10. The traveler entered the inn and ordered sup­per to be prepared.

Exercise №9 Open the brackets and use the Complex Object.

Example: He expected (they, arrive) at 5. — He expected them to arrive at 5.

1. Do you want (they, stay) at the hotel or with us? 2. I'd like (the professor, look through) my report. 3. Do you want (I, show) you the sights of the city? 4. We expect (he, arrange) everything by the time we come. 5. I want (she, tell) me the news in brief. 6. He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room. 7. I would like (they, fix) an appointment for me for Tuesday. 8. We want (she, introduce) us to the president. 9. I don't want (they, be late) for dinner. 10. He expected (she, invite) to the party by the Smiths. 11. I'd like (the dress, buy) by Saturday. 12. I don't want (she, treat) like Alice. 13. We considered (he, be) an honest person. 14. I don't like (she, prevent) me from doing it. 15. I suspect (he, help) by her.

Exercise №10. Change complex sentences into sentences with the Complex Object.

1. I did not expect that she would forget about my birthday. 2. She saw how the children were playing in the park. 3. Do you know that he went abroad two days ago? 4. I like to watch how she dances. 5. She could hardly believe that he had been rescued. 6. He expects that everybody will be ready to do this work. 7. I don't like when the children are late for dinner. 8. Don't consider that he is a hero. He is an ordinary man. 9. I've heard how he was arguing with his father. 10. I suspect that he has taken my money. 11. She likes to watch how the sun sets. 12. I hate when people shout at each other. 13. They suppose that he will cope with this work. 14. I've heard how she was crying. 15. We expect that he will solve this problem soon.

Exercise 11

Translate the following sentences paying attention on the Complex Subject.

1. Не is said to know all about it. 2. He was said to have known the whole truth about it. 3. Juri Gagarin is known to be the first man in the world to I travel into space on the 12th of April, 1961. 4. He is supposed to be a very good film actor. 5. He is believed to be innocent of the crime. 6. Innocent I people were announced to have been murdered by terrorists. 7. The terrorist was announced to have been killed by his own bomb. 8. The exhibition of 19th-century French painting is expected to open by the end of next week. 9. Monet's painting is reported to be on exhibition until the end of the month. 10. The President of Russia was reported to speak to the nation on television tonight. 11. The American astronaut Neil Armstrong is known to be the first man to walk on the moon in 1969. 12. He is considered to be the richest man in the world. 13. She is said to borrow money but not bother to return it. 14. You are expected to be an obedient and smart boy. 15. The students were supposed to come on time and take part in the marathon. 16. You are supposed to check your change before you leave the cashier. 17. He was expected to pass the mathematics exam. 18. Mother is said to know the right thing to do. 19. Sergei is thought to have a gift for languages. His English is known to be excellent. 20. Anna Mutter is believed to be one of the finest violinists in the world. 21. Leonardo da Vinci is known to bi a great Italian painter of the Renaissance. The Mona Lisa is considered to be one of his most famous works. 22. True friends are known to be like diamond, precious but rare. False friends are said to be like autumn leaves found everywhere.

Exercise 12

Translate the following sentences paying attention on the Complex Subject.

1. Many books are known to be published in out country every year. 2. You are supposed to graduate in four years. 3. Radium is said to be very radioactive. 4. This device was known to have been designed in that laboratory. 5. His invention is considered to be of great importance. 6. The sun is known to represent a mass of compressed gases. 7. The new rocket is reported to go into operation next year. 8. This type of rocket is supposed to have many advantages. 9. For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible. 10. The helium atom was found to have two electrons. 11. I did not know what I was expected to say to that, so I said nothing. 12. He was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists. 13. He is said to be a good translator.

14. Roberta was known to be an honest and hard-working girl. 15. Clyde was tweeted to arrive at the weekend. 16. Becky and Tom were supposed to have stayed at the widow Douglas. 17. The number of the unemployed is reported to be increasing with every year. 18. Many new textbooks are expected to be published noon. 19. The Moscow Underground is said to be the finest in the world. 20. A hare is known to run very fast. 21. The man was seen to take off his coat. 22. The diamond content of the mines in Western Yakutia is said to be in no way inferior to that of the world-famous South African mines. 23. My close friend is known to have learned "Eugene Onegin" bу heart. 24. These devices are considered to be very effective.

Exercise 13 Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject.

1. Не is considered (be) a good musician. 2. They are thought (go away) some days ago. 3. James is expected (make) a report next Wednesday. 4. Steve is known (help) them to solve a problem when they were in trouble. 5. Mozart is known (compose) a lot of wonderful pieces of music. 6. The film is considered (be) the worst of the year. 7. She is supposed (work) in the laboratory from 2 to 6 p.m. tomorrow. 8. They are known (make) a new discovery a month ago. 9. He is expected (manage) the business himself. 10. He is said (be) at the customs office now. 11. The delegation is reported (leave) Prague tonight at 11 p.m. 12. They are known (live) in Egypt for a long time. 13. He is believed (work) at an urgent problem now.

Exercise 14

Translate the following microtexts paying attention to the Complex Subject and the Complex Object.

Text №1

The automobile is known to be made up of three basic parts: the engine, the body and chassis, the engine being the source of power. We know the body to include the hood and fenders and accessories. The body should provide protection to the passengers from wind, cold and rain. Thus to shape a car means to do it in such a way that it offers small resistance to the air.

Brakes are necessary for stopping the car.

Most braking systems used today are hydraulic.

Text №2

The engine is known to be attached to the frame in three or four points. Noise and vibrations are inherent in engine operations. To pre­vent this noise from passing to the frame, the engine should be insu­lated from the frame by washers. We know the frame to provide support for engine, body and power train, the body providing protection to the passengers from wind and rain. The frame is made of channel sections welded together.

Text №3

We know the clutch to consist of two plates: the driven plate and the pressure plate. The driven plate is known to be situated between the fly­wheel and the pressure plate. The clutch used for engagement the en­gine and the gearbox is incorporated within the flywheel housing.

To guide the car it is necessary to have some means of turning the car, the steering wheel being linked to the front wheels for this purpose.

Text №4

The frame is known to be the structural centre of the car. It is made of channel sections welded together, cross-members providing support for the engine and wheels. We know the frame to be rigid. Noise and vibrations are inherent in engine operation. To prevent this noise and vibrations from passing to the frame and to the passengers of the car, the engine should be insulated from the frame by rubber washers.

Text №5

We know the chassis to be one of the most important units of the car. The chassis is known to consist of a power train, a frame with axles, wheels and springs. It should be noted that the chassis includes the brake and the steering systems as well. Brakes are necessary to stop the car. Springs are used with additional devices called shock absorbers. The front wheels are attached to the rods by steering knuckle arms, the same wheels being on pivots.

Text №6

We know the power train to include the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, rear axle, final drive and differential. The clutch is used for en­gaging the engine with the gearbox, the gearbox being located between the clutch and the propeller shaft. The clutch is known to consist of two plates incorporated within the flywheel housing.

To shape the car means to make it in such manner that it offers small resistance to the air.

Text №7

We know the engine to be the source of power. In some types of engines a V-type fan belt is utilized to drive the fan, the same belt being used for driving the generator pulley and the water pump. The engine is known to comprise the fuel, cooling, electric and lubricating systems. It should be noted that the gasoline pump is operated from the camshaft by the engine, called also the power plant. To guide the car means to turn it in one direction or the other.