14. Translate into English paying attention to the sequence of tenses.

1. Я знал, что она еще не прочитала письмо. 2.Она считала, что ананасы растут на деревьях.3. Он сказал нам, что расплатился с долгами (pay one’s debts) боль­ше месяца назад. 4. Она сказала, что пишет это сочинение (composition) уже три часа. 5. Она не знала, успеш­но ли закончилась (be a success) операция.6. Том позвонил в полицию и сказал, что все его вещи украдены. 7. Капитан приказал всем подняться на борт (get aboard). 8. Они не знали, будут ли опубликованы результаты их исследований. 9. Я думал, что он работает, и не вошел в комнату.10. Он попросил, чтобы она не беспокоилась. 11. Я не знаю, когда он приедет в Москву.12. Они поинтересовались, бывал ли я когда-ни­будь заграницей (abroad).13.Он сказал им, что они не должны говорить об этом сейчас. 14.Наш гид (guide) рассказал нам, что замок (castle) был возведен в 14-ом веке. 15. Я надеюсь, что новый мост будет построен в следующем году.

Keys.

14

1.I knew she had not read the letter yet. 2. She thought that pineapples grew on the trees. 3. He told us he had paid his debts more than a month before. 4. She said she had been writing the composition for more than three hours. 5. She did not know if the operation had been a success. 6. Tom phoned the police and said that all his things had been stolen.7. The captain ordered everybody to get aboard. 8. They did not know if the results of their research would be published. 9. I thought he was working and had not come into the room. 10. He asked her not to worry. 11.I don't know when he will come to Moscow. 12. They wondered if I had ever been abroad . 13. He told us they must not speak about it now. 14. Our guide told us that the castle had been built in the 14^th century. 15.I hope a new bridge will be built next year.

Text 2 A

Reading

1 Look at the photographs and the headline of the article. Answer these questions:

1 Who do you think these men are?

2 What is the relationship between them?

3 How do you think they have become so rich?

2 Now read the article to check your ideas. Which other man is important in their story? Why?

3 The following sentences have been removed from the article. Read it again and put each sentence in the correct numbered gap. There is one extra sentence that you do not need to use.

A But it was already clear that Hans

would play the leading role in the

company.

B I decided it should also be pressed

together at the other end.

C However, it seems that the reality

could be rather different.

D I was very angry and still feel very sad

about it'

E Yet although clearly among the world's

most successful businessmen, they pride

themselves on their secrecy.

F Now aged 78, he recalls the day Ruben

Rausing came to him.

G I think that Ruben Rausing realised its

potential immediately.

H So, he began questioning his wife

about the method she used.

Leaders of the Pak

The incredible rise

of the Rausing billionaires

Gad and Hans Rausing are among the richest men in Britain, their wealth surpassing even that of the Queen. These Swedish brothers, who came to Britain in 1983 have made their millions from one product — TetraPak, the aluminum and plastic laminated container for milk and fruit juice found all over the world.

One evening, near Christmas 1944, a young Swedish economist called Ruben Rausing was watching his wife Elisabeth making sausages in the small kitchen of their home in the university town of Lund, Sweden.

He was impressed by the manner in which the sausages were contained in a skin and kept fresh by pressing shut each end. (1-----) Their conversation that evening was to lead to the invention that would revolutionise lives throughout the world, and make the couple — and their family — billionaires.

For Ruben was to apply the principle to milk, inventing the low-cost, germ-free packaging system which he called TetraPak — a roll of cardboard twisted to make a pocket and sealed into a rectangular carton. Today if you buy milk or orange juice at virtually any supermarket from Dublin to Peking it will have come from Rausing's idea that day in his kitchen.

This is the legend of TetraPak. (2---------) It is certainly true that Ruben realised the huge potential if a form of germ-free sealed packaging could be found for household items such as milk. But die alternative version of the story suggests that at this point he approached Erik Wallenberg, a young research scientist working for his company. Wallenberg claims that he is in fact the person who designed the first TetraPak, working from an idea originated by Ruben. (3-------) Rausing told him that he had bought a herd of cows which needed milking, and wanted a container made to package the milk. 'I was under a lot of pressure to find a solution, Wallenberg said, 'but strangely it was while 1 was at home with flu that 1 came up with the idea of the tetrahedron-shaped milk package Rolling up a piece of paper to demonstrate the process, he continued. T made up my mind that a cylinder — a tube should be made and that it should be pressed together at one end. (4-------) However, to avoid getting a flat cushionlike package which could contain only a small amount of liquid, I decided to make the second pressing together in a plane at right angles to the first one ... that is simply how the TetraPak was born. 1 went back to the laboratory and we began testing.'

Wallenberg said Ruben had early doubts about the possible success of the idea, 'but we tested it by putting water inside for several days and, when there was no leakage, he was convinced. (5-----) He bought the patent and all rights from me for 3,000 kronor (a little less than £300), which to some people was a half a year's wages at that time. Obviously, at the time those in the company knew of my work but after a while another story began to emerge of the invention - that it had all been the work of Mr Ruben Rausing. (6 ----)

Whatever is the reality, by 1952 the first TetraPak containers were being successfully produced, and in a few years Ruben had built up a huge business.

By the late fifties, all three of Ruben's sons had joined their father within the company. (7-----)

'He was,' says Wallenberg, 'extremely able and, like his father, single-minded. He only seemed to have one interest and that was to make money.'

Despite their enormous wealth, today both Hans and Gad live modestly, and as far as Hans is personally concerned, in a recent interview he admitted, '1 have no idea how much money 1 have. You can't measure money in lists.'

Exercises.

Ex.1 Technical description Read the pairs of texts and try to work out what piece of equipment each pair refers to.

A

1 You press this handle on top. Give it a hard push then point the spray at the flames.

2 You put the document under the flip. Key in the

3 You need a 50p coin to put in the slot. It only buys. two hours so you need to keep coming back and feeding it when the warden isn't looking.

4 Look for the + and - signs, then you know which way up it goes. You can recharge it when if runs down.

5 The switch is on the steering column. You pull it

towards you when you want them on full and back when you want to dip them.

6 You pin it to your tie then just speak at normal volume. You don't have to strain your voice.

B

The carbon dioxide has been stored under pressure. It is released when the lever is depressed.

It was invented in 1938 by Chester Carlson. It's a dry process in which the powder is attracted by an electrostatically charged plate.

The pointer is moved by clockwork to show the amount of time remaining. A penalty flag is raised

when the lime expires.

An electric current is produced when the two terminals are connected to form a circuit.

Two concave mirrors have been placed behind the bulbs. Light rays are reflected by their curved surfaces to form two narrow bright beams.

A weak signal will be emitted which will travel to a mixer, then an amplifier and finally to a loudspeaker

Ex.2 Compare the A texts with the B texts. Which ones

1 give instructions?

2 explain how things work?

3 are likely to be written?

4 are likely to be spoken?

5 are more informal?

6 are more technical?

Underline all the examples of the passive that you can find in column B.

Ex.3 Match each verb with one of the groups of words.

1 take a a new product, a satellite, an attack, a career.

2 serve b a person you don't like, accidents, mistakes,

3 launch the vehicle in front

4 run c a break, care, a shower, a photograph

5 regain d money, your mind, suppliers, direction

6 avoid e around, an experiment, late, a risk, for president

7 be involved in f dinner, a customer, a purpose, someone right

8 change g your work, a fight, politics, decision-making

h your freedom, power, your health, market share

Ex.4 When you meet new business acquaintances, it’s always nice to find out whether you have things in common. Ask a colleague questions about their life and business career. Find out about

*where they were born *the qualifications they got

*what their parents did *their first job

*the schools they attended *jobs they had after that

Ex.5 Managing the environment You are concerned about the environment and increasing levels of

pollution. As directors of a small manufacturing company, you have decided it is time to act, no matter how small your contributions may be.

I Work in small groups. You have introduced a company suggestion scheme and collected the proposals below from your staff. Hold a meeting

to decide what to do with each of their ideas. You can

• dismiss them

• implement them immediately

• investigate the ideas further.

If you decide to implement a proposal, or investigate it further, plan what to do. Decide who will be responsible and what resources they will need.

Useful phrases

I’ll do that, if you like. I'll leave that to you.

Shall I do that or will you? I’ll need...

Suggestion scheme proposals

1 Take away all company cars. Provide bicycles instead and bus or train tickets.

2 Scrap the company's fleet of lorries. Replace them with new models that are more economical on fuel.

3 Encourage staff to work at home. Telecommunications can substitute for travel.

4 Instead of working five eight-hour days each week, work four ten-hour days. A three-day weekend will reduce the factory's heating costs.

5 Change all the conventional light bulbs in the building to compact fluorescent light bulbs, which use 20% of the power and last longer.

6 Install solar cells in the roof to collect sunlight to heat the offices.

7 Put less packaging on our products.

8 Tell our suppliers to provide less packaging with their products.

9 Plant trees in the garden to stabilize the soil, conserve water resources and 'fix' carbon dioxide to help slow the pace of global warming.

10 Ban all office memos to save paper.

11 Collect ail waste paper from offices at the end of each day and send it for recycling.

12 Only sell vegetarian food in the canteen.

IS Make a contribution from the company's profits to the Green Party or green pressure groups.

14 Stop trying to make the company expand. Make economic efficiency our goal instead of economic growth.

15 install a large fan on the hillside outside the factory to blow away pollution.

2 You would like to award a prize to the staff member who submitted the best suggestion. Decide which one you think is best and what the prize should be.

Text 2B

WHY DO PEOPLE BUY WHAT THEY BUY?

To better understand why consumers buy as they do, many marketers turn to behavioral sciences for help.

Specific consumer behaviors vary a great deal for different products and from one target market to the next. In today's global markets, the varia­tions are countless. That makes it impractical to try to catalog all the de­tailed possibilities for every different market situation. For example, how and why a given consumer buys a specific brand of shampoo may be very different from how that same consumer buys motor oil; and different cus­tomers in different parts of the world may have very different reactions to either product. But there are general behavioral principles — frameworks — that marketing managers can apply to learn more about their specific target markets.

Most economists assume that consumers are economic men — people who know all the facts and logically compare choices in terms of cost and value received to get the greatest satisfaction from spending their time and money. A logical extension of the economic-man theory led us to look at consumer spending patterns. This approach is valuable because consumers must at least have income to be in a market. Further, most consumers don't have enough income to buy everything they want. So most consumers want their money to stretch as far as it can.

This view assumes that economic needs guide most consumer behavior. Economic needs are concerned with making the best use of a consumer's time and money — as the consumer judges it. Some consumers look for the lowest price. Others will pay extra for convenience. And others may weigh price and quality for the best value. Some economic needs are:

1. Economy of purchase or use.

2. Convenience.

3. Efficiency in operation or use.

4. Dependability in use.

Ex.6 Imagine, you are the head of a new air transportation company. You should make up some desigions about your service.

3 How many classes of travel should you offer?

• First class?

• Business class?

• Economy class?

4 Which of these services should you offer in each class? First Business Economy

• Food served on china plates

• Four-course meals

• Steel or silver cutlery (not plastic)

• Plenty of leg-room

• Plenty of space for hand-luggage

• Complimentary drinks

• On-board duty-free sales

• A newspaper to read

• A sweet to suck at cake-off

• Videos of the latest film releases

• A relaxation audio tape for nervous flyers

• Short waiting times between check-in and take-off

• Hot flannels to freshen up with

• Chauffeur-driven limousine to take travellers to and from the port

• Massages and manicures

5 Should you provide any in-flight entertainment? (If so, what?)

6 Should you allow passengers to smoke?

7 You would like to give travelling a taste of your national identity when travelling. How could you do this?

• Cabin crew in national dress?

• Include national dishes in the menus? (What?)

• Play local music as passengers board and disembark?

• Feature your national identity in the decor? (How?)

Have you any other ideas?.

8 What name would you give your airline?

9 What would your main problems be in this venture? How cloud you solve them?

Text 2C

Read the text and try to find out the “street” of the success.

These boots are made for export

Every walker wants waterproof boots. They are the key to comfort, progress and even survival Nick Brown, the creator of Nikwax, realized realized this at 15, cooked up his own solutions in the kitchen and at 21 discovered he had a viable product. I actually sold my first tin of Nikwax in 1977, I was going to Scotland and needed new boots. The guy at Alpine Sports in London sold me a pair and tried to sell me some wax too. I told him I made my own and why it was better. He took six dozen Nick's company now sells a whole range of rub*in_% spray-on and wash-in waterproofing products as well as water proof do thing. Sales have increased at a steady 10 to 35 per cent a year and today the company employs five people, who all spend around 30 per cent of their time on research.

When we started the biggest problem was getting customers to buy large enough quantities. So 1 offered them advertising by printing their logo on the lid in exchange for.. minimum order, Two things happened. First, the shops bought more, and second, because people who were satisfied with the product knew where to buy U, the shops with logos outsold the others.

In the second year, he had a turnover of 50,000 units. He moved from his kitchen into a small workshop, making wax by night and selling it by day. He sold to outdoor shops all over the UK and he interrailed around the mountain centres in Europe, Winning orders from the big names in boots, Fjellraven, Edelweiss and Kaufmann, Van de Sport. Le Trappean, France's biggest manufacturer, ordered 60.000 tins. European sales outstripped those in the UK.

Nick believes strongly in research and international marketing. He is a linguist (an ex-student of the School of African and Oriental Studies) and he makes sure his foreign language publicity material is accurate to the last accent. Unlike most British companies, he invoices in local currency. Td rather risk losing money on individual deals than losing a customer because exchange rates have changed/

The big question now is whether outdoor shops can survive the recession. Four years of drought on top of economic decline have been bad for business. 'Now, thank God. it's raining says Mr. Brown.

Text 2D

Fulfill the test and evaluate your potential to become a rich person.

Test

A POTENTIAL MILLIONAIRE

One of the wealthiest people of the world is the sultan of Brunei. He is the owner of almost 14 billion dollars. The richest Australian is publisher Carl Cahage. He owns almost 2 billion dollars. Of course, the sultan did not earn this money himself. The main part of it was inherited by him and earned by his subjects. Just the other way round, Cahage made his fortune himself. Probably you will be one of the next generation of wealth-holders and millionaires in the future.

Choose one of the suggested options.

1. Which is the easiest way to make money?

a) to work hard, be well-informed, risk and, of course, invest mon­ey in business

b) to hope to get your uncle's inheritance

c) to make a career going step by step to a managing post or to try your hand at politics

2. Which character of Walt Disney makes you smile?

a) Donald Duck

b) Gusto Hans

c) Dogbert Duck

3. In your opinion which income can make the richest people of the world close a bargain?

a) from half a million to a million

b) up to 10 million

c) dozens of million and higher

4. Which of the statements do you agree to?

a) The more money you have the more pleasure you get

b) Money means power

c) Money causes much envy

5. Have you ever heard of the game called "A Fortunate letter" ? You put a small sum into an envelope, look for a victim, who also pays and, at last, your investment comes back to you multiplied many times. Which part are you ready to play in it?

a) not to take part in it

b) to take part and also earn

c) to be the initiator of the game

6. Is it important for you to be mentioned in different newspapers and magazines?

a) I would be very glad

b) No

c) I am often mentioned in them anyway

7. How can you win in races?

a) gamble with high stakes

b) save money and just be present at the races

c) buy a horse-winner

8. In your opinion, who has the highest chance to become a rich man quickly and reliably?

a) a director, an actor, a writer, an artist, a sportsman-record holder

b) a lawyer, a doctor, a politician

c) a head of a company, a publisher

9. What is your attitude to the business between friends? a) I am ready to loan money to my friends. Some time they will also lend me.

b) Money and friendship are incompatible.

c) I am ready to borrow money from my friends but not to lend it.

10. Be frank. If you managed to become a millionaire, would you enjoy this feeling?

a) Of course, I would enjoy it.

b) I would demonstrate my enjoyment to everybody who did not trust me or looked at me haughtily.

c) No.

11. Where would you invest your millions?

a) in real estate, in an art collection

b) in shares or other securities

c) I would do as my wife/husband would say.

12. If you already have a couple of million, are you going to try to earn more?

a) No, if we are speaking about a small sum, to earn a big one.

b) Of course.

c) No, it is enough for me.

But I will never refuse

1. a) - 6; b) -0; c) - 3;

2. a) - 3; b) - 0; c) - 6;

3. a) - 0; b) - 3; c) - 6;

4. a) - 6; b) -3; c) - 0;

5. a) - 3; b) - 0; c) - 6;

6. a) - 0; b) - 6; c) - 3;

7. a) - 0; b) - 3; c) - 6;

8. a) - 0; b) - 3; c) – 6;

9. a) - 3; b) - 6; c) - 0;

10. a) - 0; b) -3; c) - 6;

11. a) - 3; b) -6; c) - 0;

12. a) - 3; b) - 6; c) - 0;

If you have:

From 0 to 23 points

It means, that the best way to become rich personally for you is either to get married luckily, or to become an heir, or, at last, to win a lottery.

From 24 to 48points

Wealth is connected with work for you. Avoid financial speculations. The best way for you is to make a career and take a place of your boss. Even if it does not bring you desired millions, your life will be financially secured.

From 49 to 72 points

You have the best chances to become a millionaire some day (if you are not now). You have a commercial mind, you separate money from friend­ship. You are not going to boast of your luxurious way of life and are in­clined to multiply your fortune patiently.

Unit 3

Trade

Grammar: The Participle

The Gerund

Сравните употребление Participle I (ing-форма) и Participle II (III форма глагола)

taking — берущий, беря taken — взятый doing — делающий, делая done — сделанный

Exercise 1

Translate the following sentences paying attention to Participle I and Participle II.

1. a) A letter sent from St Petersburg today we be in Moscow tomorrow.

b) He saw some people in the post office sending telegrams.

c) When sending the telegram, she forgot to write her name.

2. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.

b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.

c) While putting the eggs into the basket, she broke one of them.

3. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live.

b) A person taking a sunbath must be very careful.

c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.

4. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double.

b) A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it.

c) Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the. girl cried, "Fire! Fire!"

5. a) The word pronounced by the student was not correct.

b) The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician.

с) Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.

a) A word spoken in time may have very im­portant results.

b) The students speaking good English must help their classmates.

c) The speaking doll interested the child very much.

d) While speaking to Nick some days ago, I forgot to ask him about his sister.

Exercise 2

Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participles.

1. The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came. 2. The broken arm was examined by the doctor. 3. While being examined, the boy could not help crying. 4. Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. 5. The medicine prescribed by the doctor was bitter. 6. The dress bought at the department store was very beautiful. 7. While using a needle, you should be careful not to prick your finger. 8. While crossing the street, one should first look to the left and then to the right. 9. People watching a perform­ance are called an audience. 10. Being very ill, she could not go to school. 11. The first rays of the rising sun lit up the top of the hill. 12. The tree struck by lightning was all black and leafless. 13. Being busy, he postponed his trip. 14. The door bolted on the in­side could not be opened. 15. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way. 16. The room facing the garden is much more comfor­table than this one. 17. Having descended the moun­tain, they heard a man calling for help. 18. Flushed and excited, the boy came running to his mother. 19. He stood watching the people who were coming down the street shouting and waving their hands.