12Open the brackets and use participial constructions with the conjunctions when, while, as if, as though, if, till, unless.

Example: When you cross the street, be careful at the crossroads. – When crossing the street, be careful at the crossroads.

1. When he was lying he spoke more quickly than when he was telling the truth. 2. She stood in front of the mirror as if she were speaking to herself. 3. She screamed as though she had been badly hurt. 4. He is a quiet man. He never hurries unless he is pressed for time. 5. While I was waiting for you, I was looking through newspapers and magazines. 6. When he was asked about it, he could say nothing. 7. When the article is translated, it will be typed. 8. While I was crossing the street yesterday, I saw an accident. 9. A promise accounts so little till it is kept. 10. When he was a student he used to study at the library. 11. He was hesitating whether to take the step, which if it was mistaken, could put him to trouble.

13 Fill in the blanks with prepositions of place at, in, on.

1. Excuse me, can you tell me where the concert hall is? — Turn ___ the right ___ the roundabout. It's____ the corner of the square. 2. We spent our holiday ___ the south coast of France. 3. He lives ___ the tenth floor

___the centre of the city. 4. There was a black spot___ the back of the letter. 5. There were no vacant chairs to

sit___, so he sat ____ the armchair ___ the corner. 6. Do you know that Englishmen drive ____ the left? 7. Look,

how many stars there are ___ the sky! 8. I'm going to the concert ____ the Central Concert Hall tomorrow. 9. The

delegation was met, ___ the airport. 10.I don't want to sit___ the back row, let's sit ____ the front. 11. At first

it seemed that there wasn't his name ____ the list, but then he found it ____ the bottom of the page. 12.___my

way home I saw Helen. She was standing ____ the bus stop. 13. She did not want anybody to see her, so she sat

___the back of the car. 14. We were ____ the restaurant yesterday. There were a lot of delicious things ____ the

menu. 15. Where did you meet? — We met ____ the party ____the Greens'.

Exercise 14Fill in the blanks with in, into, to, at, on, out of. from, off where necessary.

1 He took the wallet his pocket, opened it and put the cheque it. 2. He took his suitcase the

rack and got the train. 3. She got the car and went the club. 4. The president arrived the

airport ten minutes' time before the flight. He quickly got the plane and some minutes later the

plane took . 5. Get the bus. It will take you went Canada two years ago, but I don't know

if he is Canada now or somewhere else. 7. When he came home, he took his coat, hang it

the hook and sat the armchair. 8. A lot of tourists different counties arrive Moscow

every year. 9. He's never been any foreign country. 10. Go the mirror and have look _

yourself. 11. Welcome Egypt! A flight this wonderful county will take you about four hours. 12.

A sparrow flew the room through a window. 13. What time does this train get Scotland? - It

arrives Glasgow at 10.25 p.m. 14. When you leave the building, turn the left the High Street.

15. Take the hat the boy. Don't you see what he is doing with it?

Dictionary

Bill of lading Cargo Cargo movement Certificate of origin Currency Customs entry Delivery instructions Examine v. Export control regulations Forwarder Insurance certificate Invoice (Shipper’s) letter of instruction License Packing list Port of entry Pro-forma invoice Purchase order Ser of documents Shipping terms Transaction Validated Value Violation

Коносамент, транспортная накладная Груз Передвижение грузов Свидетельство и происхождении Валюта Таможенная декларация Инструкция по отправке товара Проверять Таможенные права Экспедитор, транспортно-экспедиционная организация Страховое свидетельство Счет-фактура Письмо, содержащее указания грузоотправителя Лицензия Упаковочный лист Порт назначения Примерная, предварительная фактура Заказ на поставку Набор документов Условия отгрузки Сделка Утвержденный, ратифицированный Ценность, стоимость Нарушение

Text 6A.

Business Documents

Commercial and transportation documents

Request for payment. Request for in extension

People in international trade know that they can have serious problems if their documentation is not in proper order. There are more than 100 documents used in import-export operations. Luckily, importers and exporters do not deal with all of these documents. The majority is used by government bodies and service agencies.

Each individual shipment is characterized by its own set of trade documents, including

1. Commercial documents (contract or purchase order and incoices);

2. Banking documents (L/C or bank drafts);

3. Transportation documents (delivery instructions, bill, of lading, forwarder’s invoice, etc.);

4. Government control documents (validated import/export license, certificate of origin, customs entry, etc.).

We’ll not be discussing all documents used in international transactions, but highlight some of them.

The commercial invoice is the most important document used in international trade. Sometimes it is called a bill. The invoice shows the names of the seller and buyer, invoice date, the country of origin and the country from which the shipment is made, the detailed description of the merchandise, the purchase price of each item in the currency used for the transaction, the port of entry. Perhaps most important, the commercial invoice indicates the amount of money the buyer owes the seller.

The pro-forma invoice is similar to a regular commercial invoice, but is has the words “pro-forma” written at the top of the document. The words mean that the document received by the importer looks like the actual invoice, it shows the exact cost of a particular order and specific shipping terms, but it isn’t really an invoice and the buyer doesn’t have to pay it. Importers use pro-forma invoices to apply for an import license or to open a letter of credit.

Text 6B.

Transportation documents

The purpose if transportation documents is to keep track of cargo movement. If a shipment disappears, there is always a trail of documents that will help to locate the merchandise. When a party (a trucking company, a steamship company) receives goods if examines the boxes to see if there’s an damage caused by someone else and only after that it issues a receipt showing that the goods have been delivered.

Of particular importance are the following transportation documents^

1. packing list, which shows how many boxes there are in a shipment and what is in each of the boxes

2. shipper’s letter of instruction - a document sent by the exporter to the freight forwarder to let him know what to do with the goods, i.e. where to ship, whether to unsure the goods or not, etc.

3. insurance certificate, which serves as a proof that insurance has been bought on this particular shipment

4. bill of lading/airwaybill – a document, which serves as a receipt for the goods, a contract of carriage. Usually, a bill of lading/airwaybill specifies the terms and conditions of transporting the goods.

The government control documents facilitate control over imports and exports. Many countries require their exporters to be licensed. Without a validated license the shipment will be stopped at the port and the exporter will be held in violation of the country’s export control regulations.

The certificate of origin shows the country of origin of the imported goods. But which country is considered the country of origin? The problem with the certificate of origin is that nowadays not too many goods are produced wholly in one country. The country of origin is the country from which the product is shipped to the buyer’s country, provided that 35% of the value of the product was added in this country. The exporter can get a certificate of origin from the local Chamber of Commerce.

The purpose of all of the commercial documents is to facilitate, control and follow international cargo movements.

Exercise 6.3.

1. Read the beginnings of these true travelers stories and match them to the right endings.

1 Sir Collin Marshall, Chief Executive of British Airways, was having difficulty finding his way in New York. A woman was passing by so he stopped her and asked for directions. The woman pulled down her dark glasses and stared at him angrily.	2 Tom Brown’s Skoda had broken down so he had left it on the motorway and returned home by train. But 73-year-old Tom felt worried. He was sure he had forgotten something. What had he left behind? Half way through tea he remembered.
3 A fisherman was working in a Norwegian fjord one day when he found a boat with nobody in it. Thinking it was adrift, he tied it to his own boat and towed it ashore. This did not please the scuba diver who popped up out of the water and found his boat had gone.	4 A journalist from The Times newspaper was watching his sultcase vanish into the X-ray machine at Tangier airport when he suddenly remembered he had packed two antique guns inside. Terrified, he rushed to the operator and explained what he had done.

A He had left Mrs Brown sitting on the back seat.

B It took him four hours to swim home.

C “Do I look like a goddam road map?” – she asked.

D “Don’t worry sir,” – came the reply. – “Our machines will never pick them up”.

2. Look at the first story again. Two past tenses are used to tell this store. What tense is used to

1. set the scene and describe the circumstances of the story?

2. describe the main events in the story?

3. Look at the second story again. Two past tenses are used to tell this story too. What tense is used to describe

1. events that happened after Tom returned home?

2. events that happened before he returned home?

4. Look at the third and fourth stories again. Underline all the examples of the past continuous and past perfect tense. Explain why these tenses are used.

5. Now tell a short story about something that happened to you when you were trvelling. For example, losing way, being checked by security, a car breakdown.

Text 6C.

License Agreements

To increase the effectiveness of production we should make rational use of the advantages of international division of labour and of foreign economic ties.

License trade emerged mush later than goods trade at the time when capitalist economy reached a high level of development, which was accompanied by growing division of labour not only in the field of industrial production, but also in scientific research, project and design work and its industrial application.

Trade of scientific-technical achievements on the basis of license agreements appeared as far back as in the 18-th century. During the second half of the 19-th century license trade was mainly practiced within countries with large local markets. And it was not until the end of the 19-th century that it started to quickly develop internationally. The fast development of international trade in licenses testifies that their import saves a lot of time, money and labour or one’s own research and design work.

After The Second World War license trade flourished. The analysis of international license trade shows that the early 50’s (fifties) saw a continuous and fast growth of license trade in all industrially developed capitalist countries. It also shows that it considerably changed geographically, first of all because East European countries began practicing it; and secondly because the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America started importing licenses.

A license agreement is the one according to which the owner of the scientific and technical achievements, inventions, know-how, industrial samples, trademarks as well as scientific-technical and other knowledge associated with them (the so called licenser) transfers the right to and/or permits his counterpart (the so called license) in consideration of payment to use them within the time stipulated or for a certain period of time.

Under license agreements export (import) scientific-technical achievements may be made both independently and along with the sale of goods (equipment, machinery, instruments, raw materials, components and other products) required to realize scientific-technical achievements for industrial (commercial) use.

In realization of traditional contracts of sale concluded as a rule for relatively short period of time the Seller does not limit the right of the Buyer to dispose of the goods bought as he likes. The Buyer as the owner of the goods may re-sell them to another country or even destroy them. Under the license agreement the licensor is strictly limited territorial, i.e. cannot sell the license to another countries.

In most cases the license agreement is about scientific-technical cooperation for a long period of time, and mutual exchange of technical information may be subject to payment or tree of charge.

International license agreements may be classified according to their subject, according to the volume of rights transferred and according to the methods of safeguarding the subject of the license agreements.

The subject of the license agreement may be inventions, industrial samples, the right to use them and trademarks, know-how and scientific technical and other knowledge associated with them required to realize the aims of the license agreements.

Text 6D.

Business ethics

1.You do a lot of travelling on business. Your company pays air tares and you have collected ‘frequent flyer’ miles from the airlines that you can exchange for free flights. If you use them for your own personal travel, nobody will know. Will you a) use them for business trips and save your company money? b) use them to upgrade your seat to first class on business trips? c) book that holiday in the Bahamas that you’ve always wanted?	5. You work in the purchasing department of a large company. One of your suppliers has sent you a Christmas present – a case of wine. They know you shouldn’t accept it because they also sent a note promising not to tell any of your colleagues about it. Will you a) send the wine back and never buy anything from that supplier again? b) send the wine back and explain you can only accept gifts up to a certain value? c) send the wine back and say that you prefer fine malt whisky?
2. You are the manager of a charming pub in the country a long way from the nearest town. The owner of the pub wants you to run an all you can drink campaign where the customers can have as mush beer as they want for a fixed price. It’s bound to attract more customers and be very profitable. Will you a) refuse to do it, in case it encourages people to drink and drive? b) agree to do it, bur put up posters warning against drink=driving and start selling black coffee as well as beer? c) refuse to do it unless you receive a profit-related bonus?	6. You are a financial manager. Until last year your company had an unbroken record of rising earnings per share, but last year’s profits were down. Fortunately you have received a very large order since the beginning of the present financial year. Your boss tells you to record the new order in last year’s accounts, so you don’t spoil the company’s track record. Will you a) explain it might mislead shareholders and refuse? b) refuse unless you can include a note about it in the small print in the annual report? c) agree and suggest some other ‘legal’ ways of making the figures look better this year?
3. You are the owner of a small business. One of your suppliers, an old friend, has asked you to pay them cash for an order so they can avoid paying VAT. There’s no chance of your getting into trouble even it the tax office find out because if is your suppliers responsibility to declare it, not yours. Will you a) refuse? b) warn your friend that they could get into trouble bur agree it they insist? c) agree? (After all, what are friends for?)	7. You are friendly with someone in the strategic planning department of your company. One day, the give you some confidential information. They tell you about a company they are going to target for take-over. They are sure the share price will rise. You could make a lot of money of you buy shares now. Will you a) tell your colleague they shouldn’t pass on confidential information? b) thank your colleague but do nothing? c) tell your broker to buy as many share as they can?
4. You have run out of stationery at home and there’s plenty of nice blank paper and envelopes in your desk at work. Will you a) resist the temptation to take any home? b) take a little home to keep yourself gong until you can buy some more? c) take plenty home so you don’t run out again?	8. You are the owner of a small company. A friend offers you a free copy of a computer software program that you need at work. If you accept their offer, you won’t have to pay the $700 licensing to the software company. Will you a) turn down your friend’s offer and buy your own copy? b) accept your friend’s offer? c) accept their offer and charge the company $700 which you can pocket tax-free?

How did you score?

Mostly a You may not always be popular with your colleagues but your business contacts know they can trust your to play fair. If some people accuse you of being inllexible, it’s because your string principles make them fell uncomfortable. Your honest approach should bring you success in your career and although it may be slow coming, it’s bound to be long-lasting.

Mostly b You like to do what’s right if you can, but realize the world is not an honest place. You’ve probably noticed the person who tells the truth is not always the person who gets on fastest so you are prepared to make compromises, accepting the fact that in order to do business you sometimes have to bend the rules.

Mostly c It he people around you are behaving dishonestly, you will do everything necessary to ensure they don’t get your share. As you see it, if you can’t beat them, join them, No doubt you will advance up the ladder of success at top speed because you are very good at telling people exactly what they want to hear. The trouble is, it is not always what they should hear, so you success will probably be short-lived.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

“БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА”

Кафедра иностранных языков

В. И. КОМИССАРУК, И. Н. КОМИССАРУК

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов

строительного факультета

Одобрено методической комиссией

гуманитарно-экономического факультета

Гомель 2008

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2 Англ

А64

Авторы: В. И. Комиссарук, И. Н. Комиссарук

Р е ц е н з е н т ы: зав. кафедрой белорусского и иностранных языков канд.филол.наук, доцент И.Н.Пузенко (УО ГГТУ им. П.О.Сухого); ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков М.И.Дроздова (УО БелГУТ ).

А64 Английский язык : учеб.-метод. пособие для студентов гуманитарно-экономического факультета / В. И. Комиссарук, И. Н. Комиссарук; М-во образования Респ. Беларусь; Белорус. гос. ун-т трансп. – Гомель: БелГУТ, 2008.-107 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие содержит шесть уроков. Каждый урок включсает четыре текста по специальности и комплекс лексико-грамматических заданий для усвоения специализированной лексики и грамматиического материала.

Целью пособия является приобретение навыков чтения и перевода текстов по специальности и навыков извлечения необходимой информации.

Пособие предназначено для студентов гуманитарно-экономического факультета.

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2 Англ

© Оформление. УО «БелГУТ», 2008

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