1. Our science of mining

The recorded evidence of coal mining in our country goes back through centuries. The theory and practice of mining and smelting were systematized by the great scientist M. Lomonosov in his book "First Principles of the Science of Mining" (1742) and other publications. M. Lomonosov considered the science of mining to be of vital importance to the national economy. His books and papers dealing with geology and mining had a great influence on the development of different schools of scientists.

A. Karpinsky was Lomonosov's follower in the field of geology. He worked at the problems of geological history of the European part of our country. He worked out the theory of organic origin of coal. B.Boky solved a very important mining problem - the analytical method of mine planning. M.Protodyakonov proposed a new classification of rocks based on numerical coefficients.

At present our scientists further develop the theory and practice of geology and mining.

Notes:

smelting – виплавлення

vital – життєвий

to deal with – мати справу з

to work out - розробляти

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What publications of M.Lomonosov do you know?

2. What had a great influence on the development of different schools of scientists?

3. Who was the Lomonosov's follower?

4. What did he work out?

5. What other great scientists of the past do you know?

2. Translate into English:

1. М.В.Ломоносов вважав геологію важливою частиною своєї наукової праці.

2. Роботи М.В.Ломоносова мали великий вплив на розвиток геології.

3. А.Карпинський був засновником школи геологів, яка посіла значне місце у світовій науці.

4. А.Карпинський продовжував роботу, яку розпочав М.В.Ломоносов у галузі геології.

3. Retell the text.

2. THE HISTORY OF MINE SURVEYING

Primitive mine surveying had been practised since very ancient times, closely connected with the beginning of mining. Archeological excavations proved that the ancients had been well versed in the simplest methods of underground surveying. The discovery of properties of a magnetic needle opened the way for the use of a magnetic compass as far back as the first century A.D. for orientation purposes and later - for underground surveys.

Printed matter on underground surveys and mine surveying in general had only appeared in the 18^th century. "The First Fundamentals of Metallurgy and Mining" by M.Lomonosov, our great scientist, was published in 1763. Chapter 5 of his work, "Mine Measurements", treated of the method of mine surveying.

Rapid strides made by the mining industry had revealed the need in more accurate surveys and mapping as the old maps were plotted from fairly rough compass surveys. The theodolite and mining level made their first appearance in the middle of the 18^th century. At that time analytical geometry was also applied for the solution of survey problems. Rapid strides made by the modem science and engineering have also found their reflection in mine surveying.

High-precision gyrocompasses which have revolutionized the method of underground orientation have been extensively used in modern mine surveying. High-precision electro-optical and radio instruments are now in use for measuring distances in ground surveying. Large open-cast mines are surveyed by means of aerial stereophotogrammetric methods. Electronic computers facilitate the surveyor's calculations.

Notes:

had been well versed - добре розбирались

as far back as the first century A.D.- ще в першому столітті нашої ери

printed matter on underground surveys - печатні роботи про підземні зйомки

made their first appearance - з’явилися вперше

have also found their reflection - також знайшли своє відображення

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1. When had primitive surveying been practised?

2. When did printed matter on underground surveys appear?

3. When was "The First Fundamentals of Metallurgy and Mining" published by M. Lomonosov?

4. What are large open-cast mines surveyed by?

5. When did the theodolite and mining level make their first appearance?

2. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the word "as":

1. As may be seen from the text, the functions and duties of the mine surveyor are many and important.

2. As the openings are advanced, surveys are made and graphically represented.

3. As soon as a roadway is made in the strata, the premining system of forces is redistributed.

4. Steel, stone, brick as well as concrete are used for mine support.

5. Timber as a material for mine support is of great importance as well.

3. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Маркшейдерія має довгу історію.

2. Вона тісно пов’язана з історією гірської справи.

3. Перші книги по гірській маркшейдерії з’явилися у 18 столітті.

4. М.Ломоносов зробив великий внесок у розвиток маркшейдерії.

5. Її основні принципи, розроблені професором Олішевим, збереглися й досі, але інструменти стали більш точнішими.

4. Retell the text.

3. A. P. KARPINSKY

(1847—1936)

Our scientific research institutions are conducting researches in different fields of science and engineering. They are working out new methods of prospecting and extracting useful minerals. The designers are creating new, more effective machines for underground and open- cast mining. The economists are introducing computerized systems of planning and control in the extractive industries of our country. In their tremendous work they pay a tribute to the prominent scientists who have laid the foundation of our school of mining.

One of the most prominent scientist was Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky, the greatest geologist, President of the Academy of Sciences of the Russia of which he had been a member for many years.

It should be noted that at that time he was the only academician in the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. Besides, he was a foreign member of many Academies. The Geological Society of London elected him a foreign member in 1901.

An entire epoch in the history of Russian geology is connected with Karpinsky's name. A. P. Karpinsky compiled a new, much more detailed geological map of the European part of the Russia and Urals.

During many years he headed the Russian Geological Committee, the staff of which was mainly composed of his pupils. Karpinsky was the creator of the new stratigraphy of our country. This, however, does not exhaust the significance of Karpinsky’s work in the history of geology. He was one of the geologists who embraced the whole of geological science. He was working with equal skill in every branch of it. He investigated the systems and various regions of our country mainly the Urals. He was the first to establish the regularity of movements of the Earth’s dust.

Karpinsky's paleontological studies are of no less importance. His most remarkable works are those concerning the Paleozoic ammoncids.

From the very beginning of his scientific activity A. Karpinsky was taking an interest in deposits of useful minerals. He forecast the discovery of salt, he advanced the view that petroleum deposits exist in our country. This has been brilliantly confirmed later.

A. Karpinsky was particularly interested in the problem of the. origin of platinum deposits. He studied some iron deposits. He may be justly called the founder of the practical geology of the Urals.

In petrology, besides special studies by which A. P. Karpinsky began his scientific activity it is worth mentioning that he was the first in our country to introduce the microscope in the study of petrographic slides.

A. P. Karpinsky was the prominent scientist, an excellent man and citizen. He was one of the best lecturers at the Mining Institute at that time. He was also one of the greatest scientists who later became the first elected President of the Academy of Sciences. Students were attracted to him not only because he was an outstanding scientist but also because of his charming personality and gentle manner.

Every geologist knows Karpinsky's work An Outline of the Physical and Geographical Conditions in European Russia in Fast Geological Periods.

Notes:

to pay (a) tribute - віддати данину комусь.;

to lay the foundation - закласти основу (фундамент);

it is worth mentioning - потрібно відзначити.

Vocabulary Notes

the Earth’s crust - земна кора

the origin of oil - походження нафти

to complain a map - скласти карту

to draw a conclusion – зробити висновок

to advance the view - висловити точку зору

to head the committee - очолити комітет

to exhaust the significance - вичерпувати значення

brigin - джерело, походження

to originate - давати початок, відбуватися

to forecast a deposit - пророчити родовище

Exercises:

1. Define the main idea of the text.

2. Make up a dialogue.

3.Retell the text.

4. THE GREATEST SCIENTISTS OF OUR COUNTRY

Our scientists have made much to the development of mining and geology on a scientific base. One of the first contributors to mining and geology was our scientist M.V. Lomonosov who connected the study of minerals and rocks with the science of chemistry and physics. M.V.Lomonosov discovered and formulated a lot of laws of mining ventilation and mining geometry. Among the most prominent geologists are A. Karpinsky, V. Oruchev, A. Fersman, I.Gubkin and many others.

Academician A. Fersman ranks among those leading mineralogists who have converted mineralogy from a purely descriptive science into a science based on the most fundamental chemical investigations. As the organizer of the Geochemical Institute in Moscow, Academician A.Fersman worked out the basic lines of study of chemical elements and, in doing so, laid the foundation for the scientific surveying and prospecting for useful minerals. A number of scientific expedition to different parts of the country had been organized by him. He was the leader of the important investigations in the Kara-Kum Desert resulting in the discovery of big sulphur deposits, the construction of the large preparation plant for the processing of sulphur and sulphur products. Academician A. Fersman led the expedition to Central Asia, the Urals, Altai, the Caucasus and Crimea. He is especially know for his detailed investigations of the Kola Peninsula which led to the discovery of enormous apatite deposits and the development of a whole mining-industrial region in the Khibin Mountains where new towns had come into being.

Among the well-known scientists who have greatly contributed to the development of mining are B. Boky, M. Protodyakonov, A. Skachinsky, N. Melnikov and others. Professor B. Boky’s name is associated with the solution of number of significant technical problems in the mining industry of the country, and, in fact, with the whole trend in the development of the science of mining throughout the world-the analytical method of designing new collieries.

Credit for working out the theoretical principles of the exploration of deposits is due to prof. M.M. Protodyakonov. His most remarkable works are those concerning the problems of underground pressure and mine timbering. Prof. M.M. Protodyakonov founded a school for the study of rock pressure and its influence on mine timbering.

The leading organization in working out theoretical problems connected with mining in Russian is the Mining Institute of Russian Academy of Science named after A. Skachinsky. A. Skachinsky was the director of the Institute. His deep interest in theoretical problems was always combined with wide engineering experience. He took a special interest in mining aerology. He discovered the laws of the movement and control of the movement of air and gases underground.

Academican N. Melnikov is well known for his investigations in the field of opencast mining not only of coal but also of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and other minerals. His main research interest lies in resources of energy fuels and he is engaged in the study of fuel utilization.

These are only a few facts about the scientists who have made a great contribution to the development of mining and geology as science.

Notes

law- закон;

result in - призводити до чого-небудь;

underground pressure- гірський тиск;

mine timbering- рудничне кріплення;

underground fire- підземна пожежа