УМП Стрелкова Психология и педагогика

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ, ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: 1) ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, 2) ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɟɬɹɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.

Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɬɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ).

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ), ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɞɟɥɨɜɵɦ), ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ), ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ), ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ (ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ), ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ.

Ɉɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɩɨɥɧɟɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɜ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ: ɨɬ ɫɦɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ «ɧɟɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ», ɞɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨɣ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɋɚɦɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɭɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ.

ɋɟɞɶɦɨɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, – ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ: ɜɟɞɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ

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ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɟ, ɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ – ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ – ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɤɭɱɧɵɣ.

ɏɨɞ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, 2) ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɯ, 3) ɢɯ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, 4) ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ:

•ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɚɧɢ- ɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ (ɛɟɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ), ɫɸɞɚ ɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɞɧɹ, ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬɞɵɯɚ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ;

•ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ;

•ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ;

•ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ. Ƚɪɨɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɛɪ ɢ ɬɟɦɩ ɪɟɱɢ, ɢɧɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ, ɩɚɭɡɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ;

•ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ,

122

ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ);

•ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ;

•ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;

•ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ, ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ;

•ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ;

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɌȽȺɋ: 1, 2, 7, 11, 12, 18, 19, 21, 23

Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: 1, 3, 7, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33

Ɍɟɦɚ 6. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ

1.Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.

2.ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.

ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ) ɞɥɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɞɭ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ – ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ – ɤɚɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: 1) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ; 2) ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ; 3) ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ). Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɟ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɢɞɟɚɥɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɢɪ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɢ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ

ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ (ɢɞɟɚɥɨɦ) ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ.

ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, əɩɨɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ. ɉɟɪɜɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ, ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɨɣ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ – ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ, ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚ. ɉɫɢɯɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɛɢɯɟɜɢɨɪɢɡɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ.

Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ» ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɷɬɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ: ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ, ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ, ɫɟɦɶɹɧɢɧ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɋɤɢɧɧɟɪ – ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ). ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɩɵɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɬɚɢɬɫɹ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ, ɛɟɡɞɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɧɚɜɵɤɨɜɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɧɨɧɟɥɶɡɹɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɟɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɢɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.

Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 50–60 ɝɝ. ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɤɚɤ Ɇɚɫɥɨɭ, Ɏɪɚɧɤ, Ɋɨɞɠɟɪɫ, Ʉɨɥɥɢ, Ʉɨɦɛɫ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ «ɫɚɦɨɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ», «ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ», «ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ». Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɭɱɢɬ ɛɢɯɟɜɢɨɪɢɡɦ, ɚ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨɥɟɣ ɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ. ɋɚɦɨɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɤɪɨɜɧɨɣ «ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ» ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɭ Ʉ. Ɋɨɞɠɟɪɫɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ «ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ». ȼ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ Ɋɨɞɠɟɪɫɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ.

ɐɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɜ ɩɪ., ɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ – ɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɢɞɬɢ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ, ɝɞɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ «ə-ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ», Ɋɨɞɠɟɪɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ «ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ» ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ. Ɉɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶɫɹ:

1.ɍɱɟɧɢɤɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ.

2.ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɭɷɧɬɧɨ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɟɫɬɶ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ.

3.ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɭ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɤɚɤɨɜ ɬɨɬ ɟɫɬɶ.

4.ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɦɩɚɬɢɸ ɤ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ, ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ.

5.ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɟ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ

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ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ, ɪɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ: «ə-ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ», ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɤ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɝɥɚɡ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ.

Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ (ɉ. ɂ. ɉɢɞɤɚɫɢɫɬɵɣ, 1996):

•ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. Ɇɟɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ;

•ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɟɠɚɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɪɢɫɤɭɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ;

•ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɞɨɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɚɦ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ-ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ ɨɳɭɬɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɪɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɭɦɟɟɬ

ɨɬɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɧɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ;

•ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɜɨɢɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɜɫɜɨɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɥɸɛɜɢɜɚɞɪɟɫ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɦɨɱɶɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶɟɝɨɨɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ;

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•ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɧɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ – ɫɚɦɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ;

•ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɞɟɬɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɪɚɜɨɭɱɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ.

ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ.

ɋɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ: ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɨɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.

ɋɚɦ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɭɠɟ ɫ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɤɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɭɞ, ɤɭɞɚ «ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ» ɨɩɵɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ , ɫɚɦɨɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɋɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɟɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.

ɋɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ (ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɚɦɨɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ); ɫɚɦɨɨɬɱɟɬ (ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɭɬɶ); ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɨɪɨɥɶ.

ɋɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɟ, ɛɟɡ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɂɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ.

ɋɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. ɋɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.

ȼ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ «ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ», «ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ», «ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ» ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ – ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɥɢɲɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɌȽȺɋ: 3, 6, 9.

Ɍɟɦɚ7. Ɉɛɳɢɟɮɨɪɦɵɢɦɟɬɨɞɵɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɭɱɟɛɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ

1.Ɉɛɳɢɟɮɨɪɦɵɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɭɱɟɛɧɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

2.Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:

1)ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɢɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɨɣɢɡɜɧɟɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;

2)ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;

3)ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ

ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɦɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡ («ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ») ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ, ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ.

ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɜɢɞ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɧɚɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ.

ȼɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ) ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ: ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɛɵ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ.

ɉɨɞ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ (ɩɨ-ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢ – «ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɱɟɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ») – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.

Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ, ɤɥɚɫɫɧɨ-ɭɪɨɱɧɚɹ, ɜɟɱɟɪɧɹɹ, ɨɱɧɚɹ, ɡɚɨɱɧɚɹ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɭɪɨɤ, ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɹ, ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪ, ɥɟɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɵ, ɡɚɱɟɬɵ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ.

ȼɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɥɢ

ɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ». Ɍɚɤ, ɘ. Ʉ. Ȼɚɛɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ».

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ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ.

ɗɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ:

ɘ. Ʉ. Ȼɚɛɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

ɚ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;

ɛ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;

ɜ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ Ɇ. Ⱥ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜɚ, Ȼ. ɉ. ȿɫɢɩɨɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

ɚ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ; ɛ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ

ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ; ɜ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ȼ. Ɏ. ɏɚɪ-

ɥɚɦɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩ:

ɚ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ – ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ, ɥɟɤɰɢɹ, ɛɟɫɟɞɚ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɧɨɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ;

ɛ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ – ɛɟɫɟɞɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɦ;

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ɜ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɦ, ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ;

ɝ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ – ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ;

ɞ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ – ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɭɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ, ɥɟɤɰɢɹ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɛɟɫɟɞɚ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɞɢɫɩɭɬ).

Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ (ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ. ɗɬɭ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1965 ɝ. ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢɂ. ə. Ʌɟɪɧɟɪɢ Ɇ. ɇ. ɋɤɚɬɤɢɧ. Ɉɧɢɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɵɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɠɟ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ, ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. ɂ. ə. Ʌɟɪɜɟɪ ɢ Ɇ. ɇ. ɋɤɚɬɤɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ.

1.Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ, ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ) – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɤɰɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ, ɛɟɫɟɞɚ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢɢɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ «ɡɧɚɧɢɹ-ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɚ».

2.Ɋɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɫɚɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ: ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.; ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ «ɡɧɚɧɢɹ-ɤɨɩɢɢ».

3.Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ. ɂ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ.

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4.ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ (ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ) ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ)

ɢɭɱɟɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɫɟɞɚ, – ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɨɤɜɢɭɦɚɯ.

5.ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ȼɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.

Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ – ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ.

ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

ȿɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: 1) ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 2) ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ; 3) ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ «ɪɚɡɭɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ»; 4) ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ; 5) ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ; 6) ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ; 7) ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ; ɭ ɤɨɝɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɬɨɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ.

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ɇɨ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ (ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ. ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɵɤɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɤɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɜ 60-ɯ ɝɝ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ: 1) ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, 2) ɤɚɤ ɨɛ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢ 3) ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ.

ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ: 1) ɫɚɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ; 2) ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ; 3) ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ.

ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɞɨɡɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɨɬɜɟɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ- ɦɢɫɬɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɛɭɤɜ, ɰɢɮɪ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɚɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ. ɇɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ, ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɞɨɡ.

Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɟ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ «ɜɟɬɜɢ» ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɨɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ «ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ» ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ «ɜɟɬɜɢ» ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ «ɫɬɜɨɥ» ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɜɨɥɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ – ɫ ɡɚɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɬɜɢ.

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Ⱥɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ (ɜɟɬɜɢ) ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɫɟɪɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ.

Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɗȼɆ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ «ɩɟɪɟɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ» (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ).

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, 2) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, 3) ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ, 4) ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, 5) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɧɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ, ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɋɨɤɪɚɬ, Ɋɭɫɫɨ, Ⱦɢɫɬɟɪɜɟɝ, ɍɲɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. «ɉɥɨɯɨɣ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɭ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɭɱɢɬ ɟɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ» (Ⱦɢɫɬɟɪɜɟɝ).

ȿɫɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɭɱɚɬɶ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, «ɪɚɡɭɱɢɬɶ» ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȼ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.

ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ: ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɣ, ɧɨɜɨɣ, ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ («ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ – ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ»), ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɟɧɢɟ, ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɜ ɱɟɦ ɫɭɬɶ? Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ: ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ, ɢɯ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ. ɂ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ.

ɍɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ; 2) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ

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ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ; 3) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ, ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ; 4) ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɵɫɥɟɣ ɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɤ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ: 1) ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ; 2) ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɛɵɬɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ; 3) ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɭɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ.

ɍɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ «ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ: 1) ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ; 2) ɞɨɥɟɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ (ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ) ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.

ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ «ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ» (ɍɄ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ). ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ.

ɍɱɟɛɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: 1) ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɦ, 2) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ, ɩɪɨɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɍɄ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɍɄ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ – ɤɚɪɬɵ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɬ, ɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɫɥɭɯ ɩɪɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ, «ɞɚɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬ» ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɍɄ. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ

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ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɬ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɤ ɷɬɚɩɭ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ). ɂɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.

ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ. «Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɯ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɚ (ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɞɟɚɥɭ – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ».

ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. «Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ, ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ» (ɆɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦɚɘɇȿɋɄɈ).

ȿɫɥɢ ɜ 20 ɜɟɤɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɂɧɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨ ɜɫɟɦ», ɬɨ 21 ɜɟɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ – «Ɂɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ».

ɉɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɚɦɭɸ ɫɭɬɶ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ – ɜɨɬ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ.

ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ, ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ («ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɹ» ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. – ɫɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.

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Ⱥɤɦɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. «Ⱥɤɦɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ (ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. «ɚɤɦɟ» – ɩɢɤ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ, ɜɵɫɲɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ, ɰɜɟɬɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ) – ɧɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɚɦɨɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ».

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɚɤɦɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ (ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.

ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ» ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ «ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ» (ɇɂɌ – ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ). ȼɫɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ:

•ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ;

•ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɜɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ;

•ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ;

•ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɞɪɵ;

•ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ.

ȼɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɟɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɗɬɨ:

•ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɭɱɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ; ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ; ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ;

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•ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɟɟɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ;

•ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ «ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚ» ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ, ɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ:

1) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ;

2) ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ;

3) ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ;

4) ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ;

5) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ;

6) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ – ɷɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ. Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɣ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ. ȼ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ. ȼ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ: ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ɑɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɚɥɥɨɜ ɟɦɭ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɚɡɢɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.

Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɧ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ

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ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɌȽȺɋ: 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20 Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23

Ɍɟɦɚ 8. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ

1.ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

2.Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɢɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦɸ.

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ «ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ», «ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ», ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ:

•ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɰɟɥɢ;

•ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ (ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ);

•ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɡɚɞɚɱɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɰɟɥɢɢɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ;

•ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɢ (ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦ);

•ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ;

•ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ;

•ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ;

•ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɨɜ.

Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ: 1) ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ- ɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɬ.ɟ. ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ɢ 2) ɤɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɛɹ, ɞɨɧɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ

139

ɜɚɠɧɨɟ; ɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ (ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ).

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɤɬ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ), ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɤɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɧɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɯɨɞ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɚ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ.

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ:

•ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ;

•ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ (ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ) ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ);

•ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ;

•ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;

•ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ. ɉɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ, ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ. ɐɟɥɶ – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ – ɧɨɜɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ – ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚɤɧɚɭɱɧɨɦɭɢɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ.

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ:

1) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ;

2) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ) ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;

3) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ;

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