УМП Стрелкова Психология и педагогика

1. Ɉɛɳɟɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ:

ɚ) ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ; ɛ) ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ; ɜ) ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ; ɝ) ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ; ɞ) ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ; ɟ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

2. ɑɚɫɬɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ:

ɚ) ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪ.);

ɛ) ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ;

ɜ) ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ (ɨɩɪɨɫ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ). 3. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ: ɚ) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɌȽȺɋ: 6, 7, 18, 28, 31, 35, 38, 56.

Ɍɟɦɚ 2. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ

ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.

Ʉ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɟɦɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.

ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ) ɞɥɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɞɭ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ «ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ» – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ – ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ

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ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ – ɤɚɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.).

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 1) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ; 2) ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ; 3) ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ). Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ

ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɟ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.).

əɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚɭɤ. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɧɨɫɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ «ɤɚɧɨɧ» ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ.

ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ.

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɜɟɫɚ, ɫɢɥɵ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ), ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ, ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɞɟɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪ.), ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ (ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ: ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ). ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨ-

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ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɍɫɜɨɢɜ ɷɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼɟɧɰɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɦɢɪɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɇɟɪɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɡɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɞɪɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɟ.

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ – ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɨɪɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.

Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ.

Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ «ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ: ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɦɭɡɟɹɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɇɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ — ɷɬɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɰɟɥɹɦ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

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Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ.

Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ (ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɵɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ (ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ) ɤɚɤ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚ.

ɇɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɫɢɥɵ: ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɬ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɚɞɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ. ɇɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɫɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɭɠɟ ɫ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɭɞ, ɤɭɞɚ «ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ» ɨɩɵɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɋɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɟ, ɛɟɡ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɂɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ.

ɋɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.

ɋɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.

ȼ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɯ «ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ», «ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ», «ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ» ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ – ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɥɢɲɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɭɲɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.

Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ

104

ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ», «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɤɧɢɝɚ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ», «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ», «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ», «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ – ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ». ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɢ ɤɬɨ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ – ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ-ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɟɬɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ) ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɌȽȺɋ:1, 8, 22, 23, 24 Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: 2, 4, 15, 17, 19, 22, 23, 32

Ɍɟɦɚ 3. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ

1.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.

2.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɰɟɥɹɦ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ

ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ, ɧɟɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɠɟɬɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɜɪɚɡɧɵɯɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ:

1.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪ-

ɯɢɸ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɞɨɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟ-ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ).

2.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,

ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ; ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

3.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɦ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ», ɩɨɫɬɜɭɡɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɉɨɞ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼ. ɋ. Ʌɟɞɧɟɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ «...ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ (ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ), ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ), ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ)». Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɌȽȺɋ: 1, 5, 8, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23 Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: 1, 7, 11, 15, 22, 23, 29

Ɍɟɦɚ 4. ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ

1.ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.

2.ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɂ.ȼ. Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧɚ): 1) ɰɟɥɶ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ȼɐ) (ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɱɢɬɶ); 2) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɋ) (ɱɟɦɭ ɭɱɢɬɶ); 3) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ (Ɇ) (ɤɚɤ ɭɱɢɬɶ); 4) ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ (ɉ); 5) ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ (ɍ). Ʉɚɤ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪ.).

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ. Ƚɞɟ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɛɵ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ ɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ, ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.

ɐȿɅɖ – ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɕ – ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ – ɆȿɌɈȾɕ – ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼȺ – ɎɈɊɆɕ

ɐɟɥɶɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɬɨɬɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɭɱɟɧɢɤ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ (ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢ ɬɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ.

Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ «ɪɚɛɨɬɵ» ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.

ɇɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵ-

ɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɭɜɢɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɨɜ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ – ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ:

1)ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;

2)ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɹ;

3)ɩɨɞɴɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɩɚɞɵ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɭɪɨɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ: 1) ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, 2) ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ, 3) ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ.

Ⱦɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ (ɉ. Ƚɚɥɶɩɟɪɢɧ, Ʌ. Ɂɚɧɤɨɜ, ȼ. Ⱦɚɜɵɞɨɜ), ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ (Ʉ. Ɋɨɞɠɟɪɫ), ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ (Ȼɪɭɧɟɪ), ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ.

ɐɟɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ. Ɉɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɪɨɤɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɫɯɟɦɵ «ɭɫɥɵɲɚɥ – ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɥ – ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡɚɥ» ɤ ɫɯɟɦɟ «ɩɨɡɧɚɥ (ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɚɫɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ) – ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɥ – ɫɤɚɡɚɥ – ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɥ».

Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ ɌȽȺɋ: 1, 7, 8, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23 Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: 2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 23

Ɍɟɦɚ 5. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ

1.Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

2.ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

3.ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ, ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɵɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.

Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɛɳɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ «ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɟ», ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ.

Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬ- ɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:

•ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ;

•ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ;

•ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ;

•ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ;

•ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.

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Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ:

•ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ;

•ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ;

•ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ;

•ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ;

•ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɠɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ;

•ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ;

•ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ: ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɭɬɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ. ɗɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ – ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ, ɬɟɚɬɪ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ («ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ») – ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɤ ɭɬɪɚɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɪɚɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ: ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ.

ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɝɞɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ (ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ) ɬɚɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ) ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ɇɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ (ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ), ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ

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ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ – ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ). Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ (ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɉ. ə. Ƚɚɥɶɩɟɪɢɧɚ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ «ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ». ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɹɞ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ (ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɤ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɪɭɞɢɣɧɵɣ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦ, ɚ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ (ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ, ɞɜɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ.

I ɷɬɚɩ – ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ. Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ, ɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ; ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ.

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II ɷɬɚɩ – ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ. Ɉɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɢɢɥɢɬɢɩɚɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɛɭɞɟɬɫɤɚɡɚɧɨɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɩɨɡɠɟ.

III ɷɬɚɩ – ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ (ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ). ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ.

IV ɷɬɚɩ – ɜɧɟɲɧɟɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ.

V ɷɬɚɩ – ɛɟɡɡɜɭɱɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ (ɪɟɱɶ ɩɪɨ ɫɟɛɹ) ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨɷɬɚɩɚɬɨɥɶɤɨɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɢɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

VI ɷɬɚɩ – ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɪɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ.

ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ (ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ) ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɜɨɜɧɟ).

ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.), ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɫɥɭɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɵɫɥɹɦ, ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɵɫɥɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵɫɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ).

Ɇɵɫɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ). ɗɬɨ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ).

ɂɬɚɤ, ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɦɜɢɞɟɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɡɦɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ).

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ɐɢɤɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɟɪɢɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɷɬɨɝɨ «ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ»). ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ. ɂ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɭ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɛɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨ.

ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɭɞɚɱ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɟɭɞɚɱ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɝɚɞɤɢ, ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚ ɧɟɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ) ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ (ɬ. ɟ. ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɱɥɟɧɢɬ ɷɬɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɳɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɢ ɢ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɟɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɧɚɜɵɤ, ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, – ɚɤɬɵ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ – ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɸ, ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ – ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ (ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ) ɢɯ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ɉɞɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ. ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ. ɗɬɢ

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ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɧɫɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɟɧɫɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ – ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ,

ɞɥɹ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ – ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ 5 ɥɟɬ, ɞɥɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɱɬɟɧɢɸ – 5–7 ɥɟɬ, ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ – 11–12 ɥɟɬ, ɞɥɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ – 20–25 ɥɟɬ.

ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ – ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.

ɑɟɦɭ ɛɵ ɧɢ ɭɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɛɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɢ ɭɱɢɬɶ, ɦɵ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɟɝɨ «ɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɢɪ». «ȼ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ». ɋɥɭɲɚɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɥɟɤɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɥɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.

ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨ-

ɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ

Ɇ + 4ɉ + ɋ,

ɝɞɟ Ɇ – ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ, 1ɉ – ɩɪɢɟɦ (ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɢɫɤ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, 2ɉ – ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, Ɂɉ – ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, 4ɉ – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɋ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ.

Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ – ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɤ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɞɟɢ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ – ɫɥɨɜɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɬɨ, ɜ ɱɟɦ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ (Ʌ. ɂ. Ȼɨɠɨɜɢɱ). ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ:

- ɦɨɬɢɜɵ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɰɟɥɢ, ɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɞɟɚɥɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ȿ. ȼ. ɒɨɪɨɯɨɜɚ) ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ 4 ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ:

xɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;

xɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;

xɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ;

xɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ȼ. ɂ. Ⱦɨɞɨɧɨɜ).

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Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ. Ʉ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɚ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɛɥɚɝ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ – ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ (ɢɡɛɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ, ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɫɬɨɥɸɛɢɹ). ɋɚɦɚ ɰɟɥɶ – ɭɱɟɧɢɟ – ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ,

ɚɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.

Ʉɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ (ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ, ɥɸɛɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ).

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚ: ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɵ, ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.; ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɟɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.

ɉɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɷɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ; ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɚɤ-

ɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɰɟɥɟɧɚ-

ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɦɭɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ.

ɉɪɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ.

ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɵɥ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ, ɱɟɬɤɢɯ, ɧɟɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɦɧɹɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ, ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ ɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ.

Ɉɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢɢɮɨɧɨɦ, ɧɚɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɨɧɢɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɡɪɟɧɢɹɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɧɟ «ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ»: ɨɧɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɛɭɤɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ 3 ɦɟɬɪɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɛɭɤɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2 ɫɦ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 6–7 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ – ɛɭɤɜɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɠɟ 5 ɫɦ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɛɭɤɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɲɚɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɲɚɝɨɜ: ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ – ɧɚ 4, ɚ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ ɧɚ 3, ɬ. ɟ. ɛɭɤɜɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɜ 1 ɫɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 4-ɯɠɟɧɫɤɢɯɲɚɝɨɜɢɥɢ 3-ɯɦɭɠɫɤɢɯɲɚɝɨɜ.

Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɭɝɥɭ. ȿɣ ɩɪɢ-

ɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ 33% ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɞɭɬ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɞɨɫɤɢ (28%), ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ (23%) ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɭɝɥɵ (16%).Ɂɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ:

ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɞɨɛɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤ, ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ!), ɰɜɟɬɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɨɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɲɪɢɮɬ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɲɟɬɤɚɯ, ɧɟɭɞɨɛɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɵ – ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɹ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɪɚɧɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɭ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɰɜɟɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɵ: ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ – ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ; ɠɟɥɬɵɣ – ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ, ɫɢɧɢɣ – ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ, ɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ, ɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ. ɐɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɱɟɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɦ, ɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɧɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɨɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ ɛɟɥɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɦ. Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɣ, ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɚɧɝɜɢɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɯɨɥɟɪɢɤɚ, ɤɥɨɧɹɬ ɤɨ ɫɧɭ ɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɤ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɥɚɧɯɨɥɢɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɰɜɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɢ ɚɥɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ɑɟɦ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ, ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɱɬɭɬ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɹɬ.

Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɭɞɢɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ 15% ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɢ 25% – ɜ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɛɚ ɷɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɞɨ 65% ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɚɭɞɢɨɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɤɢɧɨ, ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪ, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟɜɢɞɟɨɫɸɠɟɬɵɜɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɢɪɟɱɢɢɦɭɡɵɤɢ).

ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝ Ȼ. Ƚ. Ⱥɧɚɧɶɟɜ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ: ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ – ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɯɚ. 20% ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɬɟɤɭɬ ɜ 8–10 ɪɚɡ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɪɟɱɶ, ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ), ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 5– 10 ɫɟɤ. ɦɨɡɝ «ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ» ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,

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ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɬɢɩ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ, 48% ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɵɫɥɹɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢ 52% – ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ. 24% ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ 26% ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɨɦɭ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɜ, ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ – ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ, ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ – ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: ɨɞɧɢ ɦɵɫɥɹɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ – ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɑɟɬɤɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɟɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ.

ȼ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɬɢɩ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ:

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ–Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ–ɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ–Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ–ɉɪɢɦɟɪ– ɉɪɢɦɟɪ– ȼɵɜɨɞ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ–ɇɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ–ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ–ȼɵɜɨɞ.

ɋɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɥɨɫɶ. ɍɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɭɞɟɪɠɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ «ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨɜ», ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ: ɮɚɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ «ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɱɤɚɦ», ɜɟɫɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. «Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɢ» ɥɭɱɲɟɜɫɟɝɨɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢɛɥɨɤɢ 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10.

ɍ «ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜ», ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ȼɟɫɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ «ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ» ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9.ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ «ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨɜ» ɢ «ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜ» ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 20 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ. «Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɢ» ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɧɹɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ 20 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, «ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɢ» ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɍ «ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜ» ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. ɋɚɦ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ, ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɪɵɜɨɱɧɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ «ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɦ» ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɱɟɦ «ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɚɦ». Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ

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ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ.

ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ.

ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ. Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ, ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɢ ɤ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɪɟɱɢ. Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɵɲɢɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɬɨ, ɱɟɝɨ ɠɞɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɢɦ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɢɞɢɬ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɧɟ ɬɨ, ɪɚɞɢ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ.

ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɫɯɟɦ, ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟɣ, ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ: ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ.

ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ. ɇɨ ɜɨɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɚɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ. ȼ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɲɭɦ, ɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ, ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɛɭɤɜɚɦ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ – ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ. ȼ ɯɭɞɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɦɨɥɱɢɬ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɹɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ.

ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɡɝ ɨɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɝɨ ɠɞɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ. ɑɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɶ ɠɞɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɧɟɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɪɚɫɫɥɵɲɚɥ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɪɟɱɢ. ɋɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ.

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ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɟɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ ɜ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɢɡɥɚɝɚɥɫɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ, ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ 7–8 ɥɟɬ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ), ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɚɦ – ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ (ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ), ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.

ɑɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɫ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ? Ɉɞɢɧ (ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ) ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ:

ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɫɭɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ.

Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟɱɬɨ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ.

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ – ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ.

ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ: ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɜɨɢɬɶ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɇɚɥɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ – ɧɚɞɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɦɚɥɨ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ – ɧɚɞɨ ɭɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ.

ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɪɨɤɢ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ. ɍɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ «ɞɨ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚ» ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɯ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ), ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ):

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ.

Ɉɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

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