2. Asyndetic Noun Clusters and Rendering their Meaning.

Asyndetic noun clusters are word-groups consisting of two, three or more nouns like yarn production, yarn production figures; the House of Commons debate; mother and child care.

Irrespective of the number of components in these clusters or their structure, they are always in subordinate relation to each other, i.e., they function as adjunct (attributive component) and head (nucleus). The former occupies the left-hand (initial) position and the latter – the right-hand (closing) position in the cluster. The subordinate relation between the parts of the binary asyndetic substantival cluster can be graphically presented as follows: yarn → production, the House of Commons → debate, mother and child → care.

Many asyndetic noun clusters have often extended adjuncts and extended heads as in examples Upper Clyde Shipbuilders → shop stewards; Noise Advisory Council → working group representative.

Asyndetic noun clusters may be of the following structure: NN, NNN, NNNN.

It goes without saying that each lexeme in the asyndetic substantival clusters adds some new meaning to its general semantic structure. Hence, the more lexemes the cluster consists of, the more unlike the other ways of approach to its translating there may be.

There may be various approaches to rendering the lexical meaning of asyndetic substantival clusters. These approaches are predetermined by the following main factors:

1. by the number of nouns making up the cluster;

2. by the structure of the adjunct and head;

3. by the semantic relations between the constituent parts of the asyndetic substantival cluster which may be local, temporal and others by nature;

4. by the presence or absence of the preceding adjective, participle, possessive pronoun or ordinal numeral.

There are two- , three - , four - , five - , six – componential asyndetic noun clusters. Two - , three - , five – componential asyndetic noun clusters are of great use in the English language. Translation of two componential asyndetic NN-structure clusters may start:

1. with the head noun: board members – члени правління, policy change – зміна політики;

2. beginning with the adjunct or with the head: dinner-time break – обідня перерва/перерва на обід, school reform – шкільна реформа/реформа школи, students groups – студентські групи/групи студентів;

3. in a descriptive way: nine-men defense - захист із 9 гравців, two-thirds majority - більшість у дві третіх голосів.

The meaning of the A+NN type noun clusters can be rendered into Ukrainian by the following main approaches:

1. beginning with the initial adjective after which the head noun and its adjunct noun is translated in succession: English amateur champion – англійський чемпіон аматор/непрофесіонал, public protest meeting – загальні збори/мітинг протесту;

2. beginning with the adjective after which the adjunct and then the head noun are translated in succession: London cab drivers - лондонські кебмени/таксисти, Royal Shakespeare company - Королівська шекспірівська трупа.

Translation of three-componential noun clusters is dependent on the semantic interrelations existing between their componential parts. Among possible approaches to translating of the three components N+NN-type asyndetic noun clusters the following are to be pointed out:

1. beginning with the initial adjunct noun of the N+NN sense unit: London trade Unions – Лондонські профспілки, state security police– державна таємна поліція;

2. in the 1-2-3 order: world weight lifting championship – світовий чемпіонат штангістів.

The three-componential noun clusters may also be often preceded by adjectives, participles, numerals. Their meaning is conveying starting with the initial attributive component and then proceeding according to the rules employed above: the massive riot police operation – масова операція поліції (по розгону демонстрації), the national cash register factory – державний завод касових апаратів.

The four-componential NNNN-type asyndetic noun clusters are less frequently used in newspaper or scientific and technical texts than the three-componential ones: the US Defense Department officials decision – рішення представників міністерства оборони США, Kyiv career club open meeting – відкриті зустрічі в Київському клубі працевлаштування, the Sunday Express newspaper leader writer - автор передових статей газети «Санді експрес», the House of Representatives Government Operations Committee – комісія урядових заходів палати представників, Gloucester County Cricket Club – крикетна команда/клуб Глосестерського графства.

Translation of the six- and seven- componential asyndetic noun clusters is realized according to the same principles and approaches as the four- and five- componential asyndetic noun clusters: The Post Office Workers London district council – Лондонська окружна рада профспілки поштових працівників.

But these multicomponential asyndetic noun clusters may be translated by different approaches as well, each of which may faithfully render the clusters’ meaning: New Zealand world mile record holder Peter Snell – 1. новозеландський світовий рекордсмен з бігу на милю Пітер Снелл; 2. новозеландець Пітер Снелл, чемпіон світу з бігу на милю.

3. Translating of Verbals and Verbal Constructions.

Common English and Ukrainian non-finite forms of the verb, i.e., the infinitive and both participles, are characterized by identical functions in the sentence. Some of their lexico-grammatical meanings, however, are considerably broader in English than in Ukrainian.

To render faithfully some of these lexico-grammatical meanings of English verbal paradigms into Ukrainian is, naturally, not always possible. Exceptions make the simple paradigms, which usually have semantic and structural equivalents in both languages. For example:

English

To ask – to be asked

Working (Participle I)

Having worked (Perfect Participle)

Ukrainian

Запитувати – бути запитаним

- працюючий, працюючи

- попрацювавши, пропрацювавши

The ways of rendering the meanings of verbals are predetermined by some factors which include:

1. the structural form of the verbal;

2. the function of the verbal in the sentence, where it may be either a single part of the sentence or a component of an extended complex part of the sentence.