Д.В. Гарбузенко Избранные лекции по неотложной абдоминальной хирургии

ϮϮϲ

Ɋɟɥɚɩɚɪɨɬɨɦɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɸ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ) ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ. ɂɡɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɦɩɨɧɵ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɭɧɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɲɨɜ. ɇɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɨɫɬɨɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɨɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɡɟɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɵɠɢ.

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9. ɉɟɪɢɬɨɧɢɬ

«Ɇɨɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɹ, ɜɫɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɯɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ; ɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ «noli me tangere»». Ʉ. Ɏ. ȼɟɝɧɟɪ (1876)

«ɉɪɨɲɥɨ ɫɬɨ ɥɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɺɥ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ».

Ʉ. ɋ. ɋɢɦɨɧɹɧ (1971)

ɉɟɪɢɬɨɧɢɬ – ɨɫɬɪɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ – ɬɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɩɚɬɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ. Ⱦɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɭɪɝɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɢ.

Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ

Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɚɹ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ

ϮϮϳ

ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1,6-2,04 ɦ2 (16000-20400 ɫɦ2), ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ 0,7-1,1

ɦɦ. ȿɺ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɦɟɡɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɚɦɢ. ȿɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɪeɞcɬaɜɥɹeɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡaɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ceɪoɡɧɵɣ ɦeɲoɤ, ɤoɬoɪɵɣ ɬoɥɶɤo ɭ ɠeɧɳɢɧ cooɛɳaeɬcɹ c ɜɧeɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩocɪeɞcɬɜɨɦ oɱeɧɶ ɦaɥeɧɶɤoɝo ɛɪɸɲɧoɝo oɬɜeɪcɬɢɹ ɦaɬoɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ.

Ȼpɸɲɢɧa cocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭx ɥɢcɬɤoɜ: ɩpɢcɬeɧoɱɧoɝo, ɩapɢeɬaɥɶɧoɝo ɢ ɜɢcɰepaɥɶɧoɝo. ɉepɜɵɣ ɜɵcɬɢɥaeɬ ɛɪɸɲɧɵe cɬeɧɤɢ, ɜɬoɪoɣ ɩoɤpɵɜaeɬ ɜɧɭɬɪeɧɧocɬɢ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ ɢɯ ceɪoɡɧɵɣ ɩoɤɪoɜ ɧa ɛoɥɶɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠeɧɢɢ. Ɉɛɚ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ c ɞpɭɝoɦ, ɦeɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧaɯoɞɢɬcɹ ɩɪɢ ɧeɜcɤɪɵɬoɣ ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ ɩoɥocɬɢ ɬoɥɶɤo ɭɡɤaɹ ɳeɥɶ, ɧaɡɵɜaeɦaɹ ɩoɥocɬɶɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɜ ɤoɬoɪoɣ coɞeɪɠɢɬcɹ ɧeɛoɥɶɲoe ɤoɥɢɱecɬɜo ceɪoɡɧoɣ ɠɢɞɤocɬɢ, ɭɜɥaɠɧɹɸɳeɣ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ oɪɝaɧoɜ ɢ oɛɥeɝɱaɸɳeɣ, ɬaɤɢɦ oɛpaɡoɦ, ɩeɪeɞɜɢɠeɧɢe ɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ oɤoɥo ɞɪyɝa. ɉɪɢ ɩoɩaɞaɧɢɢ ɜoɡɞɭɯa ɜo ɜɪeɦɹ oɩeɪaɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɜcɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɪɭɩɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ cɤoɩɥeɧɢɢ ɩaɬoɥoɝɢɱecɤɢɯ ɠɢɞɤocɬeɣ oɛa ɥɢcɬɤa ɪacɯoɞɹɬcɹ ɢ ɬoɝɞɚ ɩoɥocɬɶ ɛpɸɲɢɧɵ ɩoɥyɱaeɬ ɜɢɞ ɧacɬoɹɳeɣ, ɛoɥee ɢɥɢ ɦeɧee oɛɴeɦɢcɬoɣ ɩoɥocɬɢ. ɉaɪɢeɬaɥɶɧaɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɜɵcɬɢɥaeɬ ɧeɩɪeɪɵɜɧɵɦ cɥoeɦ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɛoɤoɜɵe cɬeɧɤɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɢ ɡaɬeɦ ɩɪoɞoɥɠaeɬcɹ ɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ ɢ ɡaɞɧɸɸ ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ cɬeɧɤɭ. Ɂɞecɶ oɧa ɜcɬpeɱaeɬcɹ c ɜɧɭɬpeɧɧocɬɹɦɢ ɢ, ɡaɜoɪaɱɢɜaɹcɶ ɧa ɩocɥeɞɧɢe, ɧeɩocɪeɞcɬɜeɧɧo ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɩoɤpɵɜaɸɳɭɸ ɢx ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ.

Meɠɞɭ ɛɪɸɲɢɧoɣ ɢ cɬeɧɤaɦɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɪacɩoɥaɝaeɬcɹ coeɞɢɧɢɬeɥɶɧo-ɬɤaɧɧɵɣ cɥoɣ, oɛɵɱɧo c ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲɢɦ coɞeɪɠaɧɢeɦ ɠɢɪoɜoɣ ɬɤaɧɢ - ɩoɞɛɪɸɲɢɧɧaɹ ɤɥeɬɱaɬɤa, ɤoɬoɪaɹ ɧe ɜeɡɞe oɞɢɧaɤoɜo ɜɵɪaɠeɧa. B oɛɥacɬɢ ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɵ oɧa, ɧaɩɪɢɦeɪ, oɬcɭɬcɬɜɭeɬ, ɚ ɧa ɡaɞɧeɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬa ɪaɡɜɢɬa ɛoɥɶɲe ɜceɝo,

ϮϮϴ

oxɜaɬɵɜaɹ ɩoɱɤɢ, ɦoɱeɬoɱɧɢɤɢ, ɧaɞɩoɱeɱɧɢɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ aoɪɬɭ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ c ɢɯ ɜeɬɜɹɦɢ. ɉo ɩepeɞɧeɣ ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤe ɧa ɛoɥɶɲoɦ ɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ ɩoɞɛɪɸɲɢɧɧaɹ ɤɥeɬɱaɬɤa ɜɵɪaɠeɧa cɥaɛo, ɧo ɜɧɢɡɭ ɤoɥɢɱecɬɜo ɠɢpa ɜ ɧeɣ ɭɜeɥɢɱɢɜaeɬcɹ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɡɞecɶ coeɞɢɧɹeɬcɹ co cɬeɧɤoɣ ɠɢɜoɬa ɛoɥee ɪɵɯɥo, ɛɥaɝoɞaɪɹ ɱeɦɭ ɦoɱeɜoɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɩpɢ cɜoeɦ ɪacɬɹɠeɧɢɢ oɬoɞɜɢɝaeɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ oɬ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɛpɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ ɢ eɝo ɩeɪeɞɧɹɹ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɧa ɪaccɬoɹɧɢɢ oɤoɥo 5 cɦ ɜɵɲe ɥoɛɤa ɩɪɢɯoɞɢɬ ɜ coɩɪɢɤocɧoɜeɧɢe c ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤoɣ ɛeɡ ɩocɪeɞcɬɜa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧa ɜ ɧɢɠɧeɣ ɱacɬɢ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ oɛɪaɡɭeɬ ɩɹɬɶ cɤɥaɞoɤ, cɯoɞɹɳɢɯcɹ ɤ ɩɭɩɤɭ; oɞɧa cɪeɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɧeɩaɪɧaɹ ɢ ɞɜe ɩaɪɧɵe, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ.

ɉeɪeɱɢcɥeɧɧɵɟ cɤɥaɞɤɢ ɨɬɝɪaɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧa ɤaɠɞoɣ cɬoɪoɧe ɧɚɞ ɩaxoɜɨɣ cɜɹɡɤoɣ ɩo ɞɜe ɩɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɹɦɤɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩaɯoɜɨɦɭ ɤaɧaɥy. Ɍɨɬɱac ɩoɞ ɦeɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱacɬɶɸ ɩaxoɜoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ ɢɦeeɬcɹ ɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ, ɤoɬopaɹ cooɬɜeɬcɬɜɭeɬ ɩoɥoɠeɧɢɸ ɜɧɭɬpeɧɧeɝo ɤoɥɶɰa ɛeɞɪeɧɧoɝo ɤaɧaɥa. Kɜeɪɯy oɬ ɩɭɩɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ c ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɵ ɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦaɥɶɧɭɸ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɜ ɜɢɞe ceɪɩoɜɢɞɧoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ, ɦeɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɤoɬoɪoɣ ɜ cɜoɛoɞɧoɦ ee ɤpae ɡɚɥoɠeɧa ɤɪɭɝɥaɹ cɜɹɡɤa ɩeɱeɧɢ (ɡaɪocɲaɹ ɩɭɩoɱɧaɹ ɜeɧa).

Ȼɪɸɲɢɧa ɩoɡaɞɢ ceɪɩoɜɢɞɧoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ c ɧɢɠɧeɣ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɵ ɡaɜopaɱɢɜaeɬcɹ ɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦaɥɶɧɭɸ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ ɩeɱeɧɢ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ ɜeɧeɱɧyɸ cɜɹɡɤɭ ɩeɱeɧɢ, ɤoɬoɪaɹ ɩo ɤpaɹɦ ɢɦeeɬ ɜɢɞ ɬɪeɭɝoɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥacɬɢɧoɤ, ɧocɹɳɢɯ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɬɪeɭɝoɥɶɧɵɯ cɜɹɡoɤ. C ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦaɥɶɧoɣ ɩoɜepxɧocɬɢ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɛpɸɲɢɧa ɱeɪeɡ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ocɬɪɵɣ ɤɪaɣ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɩepeɝɢɛaeɬcɹ ɧa ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧɭɸ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ; oɬcɸɞa oɧa oɬɯoɞɢɬ oɬ ɩɪaɜoɣ ɞoɥɢ ɧa ɜeɪɯɧɢɣ ɤoɧeɰ ɩpaɜoɣ ɩoɱɤɢ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, a oɬ ɜoɪoɬ - ɤ ɦaɥoɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɜ ɜɢɞe ɬoɧɤoɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɧa ɛɥɢɠaɣɲɭɸ ɤ ɠeɥɭɞɤɭ ɱacɬɶ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞe ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-

ϮϮϵ

ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. Oɛe ɷɬɢ cɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪeɞcɬaɜɥɹɸɬ coɛoɣ ɞɭɩɥɢɤaɬɭɪɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɬaɤ ɤaɤ ɜ oɛɥacɬɢ ɜoɪoɬ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɜcɬɪeɱaɸɬcɹ ɞɜa ɥɢcɬɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ: oɞɢɧ - ɢɞɭɳɢɣ ɤ ɜoɪoɬaɦ c ɩepeɞɧeɣ ɱacɬɢ ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧoɣ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ ɩeɱeɧɢ, a ɜɬoɪoɣ - c ɡaɞɧeɣ ee ɱacɬɢ. ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɹcɶ ɩpoɞoɥɠeɧɢeɦ oɞɧa ɞɪɭɝoɣ, cocɬaɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɦecɬe ɦaɥɵɣ caɥɶɧɢɤ. Ha ɦaɥoɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥɭɞɤa oɛa ɥɢcɬɤa ɦaɥoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa ɪacɯoɞɹɬcɹ: oɞɢɧ ɥɢcɬoɤ ɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬ ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɠeɥɭɞɤa, ɞɪɭɝoɣ - ɡaɞɧɸɸ. Ha ɛoɥɶɲoɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe oɛa ɥɢcɬɤa ɜɧoɜɶ cɯoɞɹɬcɹ ɢ cɩɭcɤaɸɬcɹ ɜɧɢɡ ɜɩepeɞɢ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ oɛoɞoɱɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɩeɬeɥɶ ɬoɧɤoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa. Cɩɭcɬɢɜɲɢcɶ ɜɧɢɡ, ɥɢcɬɤɢ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa ɧa ɛoɥɶɲeɣ ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲeɣ ɜɵcoɬe ɡaɜoɪaɱɢɜaɸɬ oɛɪaɬɧo ɜɜeɪɯ, oɛɪaɡɭɹ eɝo ɡaɞɧɸɸ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ (ɛoɥɶɲoɣ caɥɶɧɢɤ, ɬaɤɢɦ oɛɪaɡoɦ, cocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ ɱeɬɵpeɯ ɥɢcɬɤoɜ). Ⱦocɬɢɝɧyɜ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ oɛoɞoɱɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɞɜa ɥɢcɬɤa, cocɬaɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɡaɞɧɸɸ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa, cɪacɬaɸɬcɹ c ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ c ee ɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣ ɢ ɜɦecɬe c ɩocɥeɞɧeɣ ɡaɬeɦ ɢɞɭɬ ɧaɡaɞ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɩoɞɠeɥɭɞoɱɧoɣ ɠeɥeɡɵ; oɬcɸɞa ɥɢcɬɤɢ ɪacxoɞɹɬcɹ; oɞɢɧ - ɜɜepx, ɞɪɭɝoɣ - ɜɧɢɡ. Oɞɢɧ, ɩoɤɪɵɜ ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢɞeɬ ɜɜeɪx ɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ, a ɞɪɭɝoɣ - ɩoɤɪɵɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ ɠeɥeɡɵ, ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ.

ɍ ɜɡpocɥoɝo ɩɪɢ ɩoɥɧoɦ cɪaɳeɧɢɢ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɢ ɡaɞɧeɣ ɩɥacɬɢɧoɤ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa c ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɧa ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɟ oɤaɡɵɜaɸɬcɹ, ɬaɤɢɦ oɛɪaɡoɦ, cɪaɳeɧɧɵɦɢ 5 ɥɢcɬɤoɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ: ɱeɬɵɪe ɥɢcɬɤa caɥɶɧɢɤa ɢ ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧaɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɤɢɲɤɢ.

ɉpocɥeɞɢɦ ɬeɩeɪɶ ɯoɞ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ oɬ ɬoɝo ɠe ɥɢcɬɤa ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ, ɧo ɧe ɜ ɧaɩɪaɜɥeɧɢɢ ɜɜeɪx ɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ, a ɜ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɦ ɧaɩɪaɜɥeɧɢɢ. C ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɛpɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧa, ɜɵcɬɢɥaɹ ɛoɤoɜɵe cɬeɧɤɢ ɩoɥocɬɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɢ ɩepexoɞɹ ɧa ɡaɞɧɸɸ

ϮϯϬ

cɬeɧɤɭ cɩpaɜa, oɤɪɭɠaeɬ co ɜceɯ cɬoɪoɧ ɫɥɟɩɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ c ee ɱeɪɜeoɛɪaɡɧɵɦ oɬpocɬɤoɦ; ɩocɥeɞɧɢɣ ɩoɥɭɱaeɬ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɭ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ cɩeɪeɞɢ ɢ c ɛoɤoɜ, ɡaɬeɦ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱacɬɶ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ ɩɪaɜoɣ ɩoɱɤɢ, ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɦeɞɢaɥɶɧoɦ ɧaɩpaɜɥeɧɢɢ ɱeɪeɡ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɢ ɦoɱeɬoɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɭ ɤoɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɬoɧɤoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɡaɝɢɛaeɬcɹ ɜ ɩɪaɜɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤ ɷɬoɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ. Cɧaɛɞɢɜ ɬoɧɤɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɩoɥɧɵɦ ceɪoɡɧɵɦ ɩoɤɪoɜoɦ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɩepeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɥeɜɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ; ɭ ɤoɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɥeɜɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤ ɩocɥeɞɧeɣ ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ ɜ ɩpɢcɬeɧoɱɧɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤ ɡaɞɧeɣ ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧa ɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬ ɞaɥee ɜɥeɜo ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱacɬɶ ɥeɜoɣ ɩoɱɤɢ ɢ ɩoɞxoɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɤoɬoɪaɹ oɬɧocɢɬcɹ ɤ ɛɪɸɲɢɧe, ɬaɤ ɠe ɤaɤ ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ; ɞaɥee ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɧa ɛoɤoɜoɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɡaɜɨɪaɱɢɜaeɬcɹ ɧa ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ cɬeɧɤɭ (ɪɢɫ. 50).

Ɋɢɫ. 50. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɯɨɞɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. 1 - ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ; 2 - ɩɟɱɟɧɶ; 3 - ɦɚɥɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ; 4 - ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ; 5 - ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ; 6 -

ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ; 7 - ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ; 8 - ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ; 9 - ɬɨɳɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ; 10 - ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ; 11 - ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ; 12 - ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ; 13 - ɩɨɡɚɞɢɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.

Ϯϯϭ

ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨ), ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɦɟɡɨɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨ) ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨ). ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɟɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ (ɧɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ, ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɥɸɥɶɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɨɫɚɬɶ ɞɨ 70 ɥ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɟɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ.

Bcɹ ɩoɥocɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɜ ɰeɥɹx ɛoɥee ɥeɝɤoɝo ɭcɜoeɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ oɬɧoɲeɧɢɣ ɦoɠeɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩoɞɪaɡɞeɥeɧa ɧa ɬɪɢ oɛɥacɬɢ, ɢɥɢ ɷɬɚɠɚ:

1)ɜeɪɯɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠ oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧ cɜeɪɯɭ ɞɢaɮpaɝɦoɣ, cɧɢɡɭ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ oɛoɞoɱɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ;

2)cɪeɞɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠ ɩɪocɬɢɪɚeɬcɹ oɬ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧoɣ oɛoɞoɱɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɞo ɜɯoɞa ɜ ɦaɥɵɣ ɬaɡ;

3)ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɠ ɧaɱɢɧaeɬcɹ oɬ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɯoɞa ɜ ɦaɥɵɣ ɬaɡ ɢ cooɬɜeɬcɬɜyeɬ ɩoɥocɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬaɡa, ɤoɬoɪoɣ ɡaɤaɧɱɢɜaeɬcɹ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɛpɸɲɧaɹ ɩoɥocɬɶ.

Bepɯɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩoɥocɬɢ

Bepɯɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩoɥocɬɢ ɪacɩaɞaeɬcɹ ɧa ɬɪɢ cɭɦɤɢ: ɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ, ɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɭɸ. ɉɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ oɯɜaɬɵɜaeɬ ɩɪaɜɭɸ ɞoɥɸ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɢ oɬɞeɥɹeɬcɹ oɬ ɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɩocpeɞcɬɜoɦ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ; cɡaɞɢ oɧa oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧa ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. B ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ, ɩoɞ ɩeɱeɧɶɸ, ɩpoɳɭɩɵɜaeɬcɹ ɜeɪɯɧɢɣ ɤoɧeɰ ɩpaɜoɣ ɩoɱɤɢ ɫ ɧaɞɩoɱeɱɧɢɤoɦ. ɉɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ oɯɜaɬɵɜaeɬ ɥeɜɭɸ ɞoɥɸ ɩeɱeɧɢ, ɩeɪeɞɧɸɸ ɩoɜeɪxɧocɬɶ ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɢ ceɥeɡeɧɤɭ; ɩo ɡaɞɧeɦɭ ɤɪaɸ ɥeɜoɣ ɞoɥɢ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɩɪoɯoɞɢɬ ɥeɜaɹ ɱacɬɶ ɜeɧeɱɧoɣ cɜɹɡɤɢ; ceɥeɡeɧɤa co ɜceɯ cɬoɪoɧ

ϮϯϮ

ɩoɤɪɵɬa ɛɪɸɲɢɧoɣ, ɢ ɬoɥɶɤo ɜ oɛɥacɬɢ ɜopoɬ ee ɛpɸɲɢɧa ɩeɪeɯoɞɢɬ c ceɥeɡeɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɠeɥɭɞoɤ, oɛpaɡɭɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɢ ɧa ɞɢaɮɪaɝɦɭ – ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ.

ɋaɥɶɧɢɤoɜɚɹ cɭɦɤa, ɩɪeɞcɬaɜɥɹeɬ coɛoɣ ɱacɬɶ oɛɳeɣ ɩoɥocɬɢ ɛpɸɲɢɧɵ, ɥeɠaɳɭɸ ɩoɡaɞɢ ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɢ ɦaɥoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa. B cocɬaɜ ɦaɥoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa ɜɯoɞɹɬ, ɤaɤ ɛɵɥo ɭɤaɡaɧo, ɞɜɟ cɜɹɡɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ: ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ, ɢɞɭɳaɹ oɬ ɜɢcɰeɪaɥɶɧoɣ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɢ ɢ ɜoɪoɬ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɤ ɦaɥoɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥyɞɤa, ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ, coeɞɢɧɹɸɳaɹ ɜoɪoɬa ɩeɱeɧɢ c ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Meɠɞɭ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪoɯoɞɹɬ oɛɳɢɣ ɠeɥɱɧɵɣ ɩpoɬoɤ (cɩɪaɜa), oɛɳaɹ ɩeɱeɧoɱɧaɹ aɪɬeɪɢɹ (cɥeɜa) ɢ ɜoɪoɬɧaɹ ɜeɧa (ɤɡaɞɢ ɢ ɦeɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɛɪaɡoɜaɧɢɹɦɢ), a ɬaɤɠe ɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢe cocyɞɵ, ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɧeɪɜɵ.

ɉoɥocɬɶ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ cooɛɳɚeɬcɹ c oɛɳeɣ ɩoɥocɬɶɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɬoɥɶɤo ɩocɪeɞcɬɜoɦ cɪaɜɧɢɬeɥɶɧo ɭɡɤoɝo ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧo cɜepɯɭ ɯɜocɬaɬoɣ ɞoɥeɣ ɩeɱeɧɢ, cɩeɪeɞɢ - cɜoɛoɞɧɵɦ ɤɪaeɦ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, cɧɢɡɭ - ɜeɪɯɧeɣ ɱacɬɶɸ ɞɜeɧaɞɰaɬɢɩeɪcɬɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, cɡaɞɢ - ɥɢcɬɤoɦ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɩoɤɪɵɜaɸɳɢɦ ɩpoɯoɞɹɳɭɸ ɡɞecɶ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ, a ɛoɥee ɤɧaɪɭɠɢ - cɜɹɡɤoɣ, ɩepexoɞɹɳeɣ c ɡaɞɧeɝo ɤɪaɹ ɩeɱeɧɢ ɧa ɩpaɜɭɸ ɩoɱɤɭ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɑacɬɶ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ, ɧeɩocɪeɞcɬɜeɧɧo ɩɪɢɦɵɤaɸɳaɹ ɤ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɦɭ oɬɜepcɬɢɸ ɢ ɪacɩoɥaɝaɸɳaɹcɹ ɩoɡaɞɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɩpeɞɞɜeɪɢɹ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ; cɜeɪɯɭ oɧo oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧo ɯɜocɬaɬoɣ ɞoɥeɣ ɩeɱeɧɢ, a cɧɢɡɭ – ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Beɪxɧeɣ cɬeɧɤoɣ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ cɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶ ɯɜocɬaɬoɣ ɞoɥɢ ɩeɱeɧɢ, ɩɪɢɱeɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ ɜɢcɢɬ ɜ caɦoɣ cɭɦɤe. ɉaɪɢeɬaɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, oɛɪaɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɡaɞɧɸɸ cɬeɧɤɭ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ, ɩoɤɪɵɜaeɬ ɪacɩoɥoɠeɧɧɵe ɡɞecɶ aoɪɬɭ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ

Ϯϯϯ

ɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ, ɩoɞɠeɥɭɞoɱɧɭɸ ɠeɥeɡɭ, ɥeɜɭɸ ɩoɱɤɭ ɢ ɧaɞɩoɱeɱɧɢɤ. ɉo ɩepeɞɧeɦɭ ɤɪaɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɩaɪɢeɬaɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢcɬoɤ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪoɞoɥɠaeɬcɹ ɜɩeɪeɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ ɜ ɤaɱecɬɜe ɩeɪeɞɧeɝo ɥɢcɬɤa ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢɥɢ, ɬoɱɧee, ɡaɞɧeɣ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɢ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa, cpaɳeɧɧoɣ c ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, oɛɪaɡyɹ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ cɬeɧɤɭ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ.

Ʌeɜɭɸ cɬeɧɤɭ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cɭɦɤɢ cocɬaɜɥɹɸɬ cɜɹɡɤɢ ceɥeɡeɧɤɢ: ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ.

Ȼoɥɶɲoɣ cɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɜ ɜɢɞe ɮaɪɬɭɤa cɜɢcaeɬ ɜɧɢɡ oɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜaɹ ɧa ɛoɥɶɲeɦ ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲeɦ ɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ ɩeɬɥɢ ɬoɧɤoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ; ɧaɡɜaɧɢe cɜoe ɩoɥɭɱɢɥ oɬ ɧaɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɧeɦ ɠɢɪa. Oɧ cocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ 4 ɥɢcɬɤoɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, cɪaɳeɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞe ɩɥacɬɢɧoɤ. ɉeɪeɞɧeɣ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤoɣ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa cɥɭɠaɬ ɞɜa ɥɢcɬɤa ɛpɸɲɢɧɵ, oɬxoɞɹɳɢe ɜɧɢɡ oɬ ɛoɥɶɲoɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɢ ɩɪoɯoɞɹɳɢe ɜɩeɪeɞɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, c ɤoɬoɪoɣ oɧɢ cɪacɬaɸɬcɹ, ɩɪɢɱeɦ ɩeɪeɯoɞ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ c ɠeɥɭɞɤa ɧa ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɍɤaɡaɧɧɵe ɞɜa ɥɢcɬɤa caɥɶɧɢɤa ɦoɝyɬ oɩycɤaɬɶcɹ ɜɩeɪeɞɢ ɩeɬeɥɶ ɬoɧɤoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩoɱɬɢ ɞo yɪoɜɧɹ ɥoɛɤoɜɵx ɤocɬeɣ, ɡaɬeɦ oɧɢ ɡaɝɢɛaɸɬcɹ ɜ ɡaɞɧɸɸ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɭ caɥɶɧɢɤa, ɬaɤ ɱɬo ɜcɹ ɬoɥɳa ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa cocɬoɢɬ ɢɡ ɱeɬɵɪeɯ ɥɢcɬɤoɜ; c ɩeɬɥɹɦɢ ɬoɧɤɢɯ ɤɢɲoɤ ɥɢcɬɤɢ caɥɶɧɢɤa ɧopɦaɥɶɧo ɧe cɪacɬaɸɬcɹ. Meɠɞɭ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɩeɪeɞɧeɣ ɩɥacɬɢɧɤɢ caɥɶɧɢɤa ɢ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɡaɞɧeɣ ɢɦeeɬcɹ ɳeɥeɜɢɞɧaɹ ɩoɥocɬɶ, cooɛɳaɸɳaɹcɹ ɜɜeɪɯɭ c ɩoɥocɬɶɸ caɥɶɧɢɤoɜoɣ cyɦɤɢ, ɧɨ ɭ ɜɡɪocɥoɝo ɥɢɫɬɤɢ oɛɵɱɧo cɪacɬaɸɬcɹ ɞɪɭɝ c ɞɪyɝoɦ, ɬaɤ ɱɬo ɩoɥocɬɶ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa ɧa ɛoɥɶɲoɦ ɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ oɛɥɢɬeɪɢɪɭeɬcɹ. ɉo ɛoɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧe ɠeɥyɞɤa ɩoɥocɬɶ ɢɧoɝɞa ɢ ɭ ɜɡɪocɥoɝo ɧa ɛoɥɶɲeɦ ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲeɦ ɩɪoɬɹɠeɧɢɢ ɩɪoɞoɥɠaeɬcɹ ɦeɠɞɭ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa. B ɬoɥɳe ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa ɪacɩoɥaɝaɸɬcɹ ɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢe yɡɥɵ, oɬɜoɞɹɳɢe ɥɢɦɮɭ oɬ ɛoɥɶɲoɝo caɥɶɧɢɤa ɢ ɩoɩepeɱɧoɣ ɨɛoɞoɱɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 51).

Ϯϯϰ

Ɋɢɫ. 51. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɠ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ.

1 - ɥɟɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ; 2 - ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ; 3 - ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɚ; 4 - ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ; 5 - ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ; 6 - ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ; 7 - ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ.

ɋɪeɞɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩoɥocɬɢ

ɋɪeɞɧɢɣ ɷɬaɠ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩoɥocɬɢ cɬaɧoɜɢɬcɹ ɞocɬɭɩeɧ oɛɡoɪy, ecɥɢ ɩɪɢɩoɞɧɹɬɶ ɛoɥɶɲɨɣ caɥɶɧɢɤ ɢ ɩoɩeɪeɱɧɭɸ oɛoɞoɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɤɜeɪɯɭ. ɉoɥɶɡɭɹcɶ ɜ ɤaɱecɬɜe rɪaɧɢɰ ɜocxoɞɹɳeɣ ɢ ɧɢcɯoɞɹɳeɣ oɛoɞoɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɲɤɚɦɢ ɩo ɛoɤaɦ ɢ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣ ɬoɧɤɢɯ ɤɢɲoɤ ɜ ceɪeɞɢɧe, eɝo ɦoɠɧo ɩoɞɪaɡɞeɥɢɬɶ ɧa ɱeɬɵɪe oɬɞeɥeɧɢɹ: ɦeɠɞɭ ɛoɤoɜɵɦɢ cɬeɧɤaɦɢ ɠɢɜoɬa ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ pacɩoɥaɝaɸɬcɹ ɩpaɜɵɣ ɢ ɥeɜɵɣ ɛoɤoɜɵe ɤaɧaɥɵ; ɩpocɬɪaɧcɬɜo, oɯɜaɱeɧɧoe oɛoɞoɱɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤoɣ, ɞeɥɢɬcɹ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤoɣ ɬoɧɤoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɢɞyɳeɣ ɧaɢcɤocɶ cɜeɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɢ cɥeɜɚ ɧaɩɪaɜo, ɧa ɞɜa ɛɪɵɠeeɱɧɵɯ cɢɧɭca, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɩɪeɞcɬɚɜɥɹeɬ coɛoɣ cocɬoɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɞɜɭx ɥɢcɬɤoɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ cɤɥaɞɤɭ, ɩocɪeɞcɬɜoɦ ɤoɬopoɣ ɬoɧɤaɹ ɤɢɲɤa ɩɪɢɤɪeɩɥeɧɚ ɤ ɡaɞɧeɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬa. Ɂaɞɧɢɣ ɤpaɣ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ, ɩpɢɤɪeɩɥɹɸɳɢɣcɹ ɤ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬɚ, cocɬaɜɥɹeɬ ɤoɪeɧɶ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ. Ɉɧ cɪaɜɧɢɬeɥɶɧo ɤopoɬoɤ (15-17 cɦ), ɦeɠɞɭ ɬeɦ ɤaɤ ɩɪoɬɢɜoɩoɥoɠɧɵɣ cɜoɛoɞɧɵɣ ɤɪaɣ, ɤoɬoɪɵɣ oxɜɚɬɵɜaeɬ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɭɸ ɱacɬɶ ɬoɧɤoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɬɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ), ɪaɜɧɹeɬcɹ ɞɥɢɧe ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ oɬɞeɥoɜ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤpeɩɥeɧɢɹ ɤoɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɢɞeɬ ɤoco: oɬ

Ϯϯϱ

ɥeɜoɣ cɬoɪoɧɵ II ɩoɹcɧɢɱɧoɝo ɩoɡɜoɧɤa ɞo ɩɪaɜoɣ ɩoɞɜɡɞoɲɧoɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɩeɪeceɤaɹ ɧa cɜoeɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɤoɧeɱɧɵɣ ɭɱacɬoɤ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, aoɪɬɭ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩoɥɭɸ ɜeɧɭ, ɩɪaɜɵɣ ɦoɱeɬoɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. Ʉoɪeɧɶ ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ ɜ cɜɹɡɢ c ɢɡɦeɧeɧɢeɦ ɯoɞa ɤɢɲeɱɧoɣ ɬpɭɛɤɢ ɢ ɪocɬoɦ oɤɪɭɠaɸɳɢɯ oɪɝaɧoɜ ɦeɧɹeɬ cɜoe ɧaɩɪaɜɥeɧɢe c ɜeɪɬɢɤaɥɶɧoɝo ɜ ɷɦɛpɢoɧaɥɶɧoɦ ɩeɪɢoɞe ɧa ɤocoe ɤ ɦoɦeɧɬy ɪoɠɞeɧɢɹ. B ɬoɥɳe ɛɪɵɠeɣɤɢ cɪeɞɢ ɤɥeɬɱaɬɤɢ, coɞeɪɠaɳeɣ ɛoɥɶɲee ɢɥɢ ɦeɧɶɲee ɤoɥɢɱecɬɜo ɠɢɪoɜoɣ ɬɤaɧɢ, ɦeɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ceɪoɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɢcɬɤaɦɢ ɩɪoɯoɞɹɬ ɤɪoɜeɧocɧɵe cocɭɞɵ, ɧeɪɜɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢe cocɭɞɵ c ɥɢɦɮaɬɢɱecɤɢɦɢ ɭɡɥaɦɢ.

Ha ɡaɞɧeɦ ɩɪɢcɬeɧoɱɧoɦ ɥɢcɬɤe ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ oɬɦeɱaeɬcɹ ɪɹɞ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɵɯ ɹɦoɤ, ɢɦeɸɳɢɯ ɩɪaɤɬɢɱecɤoe ɡɧaɱeɧɢe, ɬaɤ ɤaɤ oɧɢ ɦoɝɭɬ cɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɦecɬoɦ oɛɪaɡoɜaɧɢɹ ɪeɬɪoɩeɪɢɬoɧeaɥɶɧɵx ɝpɵɠ. ɍ ɦecɬa ɩepeɯoɞa ɞɜeɧaɞɰaɬɢɩeɪcɬɧoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɬoɳɭɸ oɛpaɡɭɸɬcɹ ɧeɛoɥɶɲɢe ɹɦɤɢ - ɭɝɥɭɛɥeɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ. əɦɤɢ ɷɬɢ oɝɪaɧɢɱeɧɵ cɩɪaɜa ɢɡɝɢɛoɦ ɤɢɲeɱɧoɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɬɨɳɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ, cɥeɜa - cɤɥaɞɤoɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨ-ɬɨɳɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɤoɬoɪaɹ ɢɞeɬ oɬ ɜeɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɢɡɝɢɛa ɤ ɡaɞɧeɣ ɛɪɸɲɧoɣ cɬeɧɤe ɠɢɜoɬa ɬoɬɱac ɧɢɠe ɬeɥa ɩoɞɠeɥɭɞoɱɧoɣ ɠeɥeɡɵ ɢ coɞeɪɠɢɬ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ. B ɨɛɥacɬɢ ɩeɪeɯoɞa ɬoɧɤoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɬoɥcɬɭɸ ɢɦeeɬcɹ ɞɜe ɹɦɤɢ: ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɧɢɠe ɢ ɜɵɲe ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩepeɯoɞɹɳeɣ oɬ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤ ɦeɞɢaɥɶɧoɣ ɩoɜepɯɧocɬɢ cɥeɩoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɍɝɥɭɛɥeɧɢe ɩɪɢcɬeɧoɱɧoɝo ɥɢcɬɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɜ ɤoɬoɪoɦ ɥeɠɢɬ ɫɥɟɩɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ, ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɹɦɤɢ cɥeɩoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɡaɦeɬɧo ɩɪɢ oɬɬɹɝɢɜaɧɢɢ cɥeɩoɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɛɥɢɠaɣɲeɝo ɭɱacɬɤa ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɤɜeɪxɭ. Oɛɪaɡɭɸɳaɹcɹ ɩpɢ ɷɬoɦ cɤɥaɞɤa ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɦeɠɞɭ ɩoɜeɪɯɧocɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɥaɬeɪaɥɶɧoɣ ɩoɜepɯɧocɬɶɸ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɧocɢɬ ɧaɡɜaɧɢe ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉoɡaɞɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɟɺ ɹɦɤe ɢɧoɝɞa ɧaɯoɞɢɬcɹ ɧeɛoɥɶɲoe oɬɜeɪcɬɢe, ɜeɞɭɳee ɜ