Упр.8 Переведите предложения. Примените все возможные способы перевода герундия и выберите для каждого случая наиболее подходящий.

1 In selecting the propellant combinations, chamber pressures and temperatures must be considered.

2 The Mendeleyev’s table was used as a guide in determining many chemical and physical properties of elements even before their existence was known by direct observation.

3 Despite a long period of preparation the Germans did not succeed in solving the problem of directional control of rockets in the course of World War II.

4 During World War I the Germans used large powder rockets by sending them across enemy defences.

5 One of the most effective aid to planning is simulating.

6 There are in existence today a wide variety of instruments capable of detecting and measuring the various types of radiation.

7 The ancient Greeks were trying to explain the movements of the planets by assuming the Earth to be the center of the universe.

8 It is worth nothing that whenever balloons will do the job it is uneconomical to use rocket-propelled vehicles instead.

9 This aircraft has proved to be exceedingly useful for training.

10 The idea of carrying heavy armour on fighting airplanes appeared in the second half of World War I.

11 The early powder mixtures of the Chinese were good for driving rockets (as they burned rather slowly) but useless for bombs.

12 Computing a reactor shield¹ is a very complicated process if maximum accuracy is required.

13 Mozhaisky is famous for having constructed the first prototype of a monoplane.

14 Connecting two conductors of the same material and of the same length and size in parallel has the same effect as a single conductor twice as large as either of the two.

15 In ramjets combustion is continuous after having been started.

16 Before being exhausted from the ion rocket, the positive ion beam must be neutralized.

17 The problem of rockets coming down in places where they should not is particularly serious in the case of a meteorological rocket.

18 Luna 16 remained on the Moon for 26 hr 25 min and in addition to obtaining rock samples² made measurements f temperature.

19 We shall discuss first Bohr’s theory because it contains some of the basic concepts of wave mechanics and avoids³ the complicated mathematics. It therefore avoids the necessity of the reader accepting results he cannot derive.

20 Understanding the mechanics of the Sun has more than academic interest.

21 Obtaining trajectory data is not usually a problem when the launching takes place at an established rocket launching site.

22 Before examining in detail the circuits of each part of the television receiver, it will be helpful to have in mind the overall picture of its operation.

23 The Sun was especially quiet shortly after launching the satellite, being indeed quite free of sunspots.

24 After being launched towards the Moon from parking orbit on 12 September, the automatic station Luna 16 was put into lunar orbit at a height of approximately 110 km on 17 September.

25 Information about the distribution of nuclear charge has been obtained by carefully studying the optical spectra.

26 Units of area and volume can be obtained by squaring and cubing, respectively, and unit of length.

27 For light passing from water into air, the critical angle in the water is 49‎‎^ₒ.

28 Although designed for military purposes this rocket, launched vertically, was capable of carrying a payload to an altitude of 100 km.

29 Ultraviolet light is far more effective in producing chemical reactions than visible light.

30 There are considerable advantages for many purposes in launching rockets from balloons. As an example, a rocket capable of reaching an altitude of only 15 km when launched from the ground will reach 100 km when launched from a balloon at a height of 80,000 ft.

¹ shield-защита

² rock sample-образец скальных пород

³ avoid- избегать, обходиться без чего-либо