Basic English for Computing / Texts+Tests for Units 1-28 / UNit 22Документ Microsoft Office Word 97 - 2003
.docUnit 22
1 Words to know
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1 central processing unit (CPU), n |
центральный процессор, ЦП |
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2 interrupt , v |
прерывать, препятствовать, мешать |
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3 interrupt signal, n |
сигнал прерывания |
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4 decode, v |
декодировать |
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5 execute, v |
выполнять, исполнять |
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6 execution, n |
выполнение, исполнение |
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7 execution time, n |
время выполнения |
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8 machine cycle, n |
машинный цикл |
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9 unidirectional, adj. |
однонаправленный |
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10 synchronize, v |
cинхронизировать, согласовывать во времени |
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11stack, n |
стек |
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12 secondary storage, n |
вторичная память, память второго уровня, внешняя память, внешние запоминающие устройства |
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13 ROM (read-only memory), n |
постоянное запоминающее устройство, ПЗУ |
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14 robot, n |
робот |
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15 register, n |
регистр |
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16 plotter, n |
плоттер, графопостроитель |
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17 place value, n |
позиционный весовой множитель (цифры в позиционной системе счисления) |
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18 optical disk, n |
оптический диск |
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19 memory address, n |
адрес [ячейки] памяти |
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20 main memory, n |
основная память, оперативная память, ОЗУ |
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21 binary system, n |
1) двоичная система счисления 2) бинарная система |
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22 instruction, n |
машинная команда, команда (в языках низкого уровня), оператор (в ЯВУ) |
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23 instruction time(i-time), n |
время выборки команды |
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24 fetch , n, v |
1) выборка 2) выбирать, извлекать |
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25 decimal, n |
десятичное число |
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26 data glove, n |
перчатка виртуальной реальности |
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27 data bus, n |
шина данных |
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28 clock chip, n |
синхронизирующий микросхема (чип) |
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29 clock lıne, n |
канал синхронизации |
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30 bus, n |
шина |
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31 address bus, n |
шина адреса, адресная шина |
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32 bidirectional, adj. |
двунаправленный, двусторонний, реверсивный |
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33 bınary, adj. |
двоичный, бинарный, двойной |
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34 arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), n |
арифметико-логическое устройство, АЛУ |
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2 Read the text
Low-level systems
The main parts of a computer system consist of the processor, memory, input devices, output devices, and storage devices. The processor is the most important part of the computer. It is sometimes called the central processing unit or CPU, although the term CPU is sometimes used to mean the processor and the main memory together. The main components of the processor are shown in the table.
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Component |
Description |
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) |
Performs arithmetic functions (e.g.+,-) and logic operations (e.g. AND,OR) on the data.
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Control Unit (CU) |
Synchronizes and controls all parts of the computer.
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Registers |
Small temporary memory areas that hold instructions and data that is needed immediately.
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Buses |
Connectors that carry signals between the processor and other parts of the computer. The three main ones are: the control bus, the data bus, and the address bus.
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Processors follow a fixed sequence of steps, called the machine cycle, to process a program instruction.
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Step |
Action |
Name |
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1 |
fetches the next instruction from memory
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Instruction time |
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2 |
decodes the fetched instruction
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(I-time) |
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3 |
executes the decoded instruction
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Execution time |
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4 |
stores the result in memory |
(E-time) |
Programs instructions are normally executed one after another in order, but if sometimes happens in the system that needs urgent attention, an interrupt signal is sent to the processor. The processor determines the priority of the action and stops what it is doing at an appropriate time to deal with the problem, i.e. to service the interrupt.
A variety of number systems are used in computing. The binary system is made up of 1s and 0s, and is ideal for representing the on and off states of the electronic switches in a computer. Binary numbers can be converted to decimal numbers by multiplying the binary digits by their place values, and adding the results together. For example, the binary number 111 has a value of (1x4)+ (1x2)+(1x1)= 4+2+1= 7.
Decimal numbers can be converted to binary numbers by repeatedly dividing the decimal number by 2, and writing down the remainders in reverse order.
This is the most technical of all the units. Do not be tempted to omit it. It covers some of the most important aspects of how computers work and students need the language covered. Read this introduction carefully. Remember, students can be very helpful to each other, and will take delight in explaining any points one of them may not understand.
3 Answer the following questions:
1 What do the main parts of a computer system consist of?
2 What are the main components of the processor?
3 What is called the machine cycle?
4 In what way are programs instructions normally executed?
5 How can binary numbers be converted to decimal numbers?
6 How can decimal numbers be converted to binary numbers?
Test 11
Match each word from column A (1-27) with its partner from column B (a-aa) to make a computing term definition. All of these terms are from Basic English for Computing Units 21-22
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A B |
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1 assembly language
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a) a computer language that uses a system of tags for creating web pages
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2 machine code
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b) a program that converts other programs into machine code line by line as the programs are being used
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3 high-level language
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C) the electronic processor at the center of a computer. It is sometimes used to refer to the combination of the processor and the main memory.
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4 low-level language
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d) to decide what a program instruction means
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5 HyperText Markup Language
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e) a low-level computer language that uses mnemonics rather than only numbers, making it easier than machine code for humans to read and write
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6 tag
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f) a signal that causes the processor to stop what it is doing temporarily so that it can process something that is more urgent
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7 embed
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g) to perform a computer operation by processing a program instruction
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8 portable language
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h) a computer language that consists entirely of a combination of 1s and 0s
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9 scrıpt
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i) the time taken to execute a program instruction and store the result in memory
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10 scrıptıng language
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j) a label used in HTML that is attached to a piece of text to mark the start or the end of a particular function
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11 spacebar
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k) a programming language closer to human language than low-level computer languages such as machine code or assembly language
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12 systems programmıng
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l) an application program that can be used in a variety of ways
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13 vırus check
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m) a small program written in a scripting language that is used to perform a simple function or to tie other programs together
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14 compiler program
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n) a language that can be easily converted for use on a number of different opeating systems
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15 interpreter program
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o) a computer language such as machine code or assembly language that is closer to the form that a computer understands than to that of a human language
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16 general purpose applıcatıon
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p) to insert an object inside another object
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17 programmıng envıronment
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q) a test of a system to see if it contains a virus
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18 central processing unit (CPU)
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r) a simple computer language used for writing scripts that control computer applications
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19 interrupt signal
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s) the complete processes performed by the CPU of fetching, decoding, executing, and storing the result of a program instruction
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20 decode
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t) designed to carry signals in or from one direction only
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21 execute
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u) memory used for storing data that is not currently being used
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22 execution time
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v) a temporary register that is used to store program instructions and data in a fixed sequence while the processor services an interrupt
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23 machine cycle
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w) to control the timing of events so that they take place in the correct order
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24 unidirectional
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x) packages of software and/or hardware with the help of which programmers operate
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25 synchronize
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y) a program that converts the whole of a program into machine code before the program is used
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26 stack
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z) the writing of systems programs
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27 secondary storage
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aa) the long key along the bottom of a keyboard used for inserting blank spaces in a document
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