
- •Sociolinguistics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- •[Edit] Applications of sociolinguistics
- •[Edit] Sociolinguistic variables
- •[Edit] Traditional sociolinguistic interview
- •[Edit] Fundamental concepts in sociolinguistics
- •[Edit] Speech community
- •[Edit] High prestige and low prestige varieties
- •[Edit] Social network
- •[Edit] Internal vs. External language
- •[Edit] Differences according to class
- •[Edit] Class aspiration
- •[Edit] Social language codes
- •[Edit] Restricted code
- •[Edit] Elaborated code
- •[Edit] Deviation from standard language varieties
- •[Edit] Covert prestige
- •[Edit] Differences according to age groups
- •[Edit] Differences according to geography
- •[Edit] Differences according to gender
- •[Edit] Minimal responses
- •[Edit] Questions
- •[Edit] Turn-taking
- •[Edit] Changing the topic of conversation
- •[Edit] Self-disclosure
- •[Edit] Verbal aggression
- •[Edit] Listening and attentiveness
- •[Edit] Dominance versus subjection
- •[Edit] Politeness
- •[Edit] See also
- •[Edit] References
- •[Edit] Further reading
- •[Edit] External links
[Edit] Politeness
Politeness in speech is described in terms of positive and negative face.[31] Positive face refers to one's desire to be liked and admired, while negative face refers to one's wish to remain autonomous and not to suffer imposition. Both forms, according to Penelope Brown’s study of the Tzeltal language, are used more frequently by women whether in mixed or single-sex pairs, suggesting for Brown a greater sensitivity in women than have men to face the needs of others.[32] In short, women are to all intents and purposes largely more polite than men. However, negative face politeness can be potentially viewed as weak language because of its associated hedges and tag questions, a view propounded by O’Barr and Atkins (1980) in their work on courtroom interaction.[10]
Further information: Genderlect and Complimentary language and gender
[Edit] See also
Allan Bell
Anthropological linguistics
Audience design
Dell Hymes
Diglossia
Gregory Guy
Interactional sociolinguistics
John Rickford
Joshua Fishman
Language ideology
Language planning
Linguistic anthropology
Linguistic marketplace
Matched-guise test
Sociocultural linguistics
Sociohistorical linguistics
Peter Trudgill
Prestige (sociolinguistics)
Shana Poplack
Style-shifting
Variation analysis
[Edit] References
^ John J. Gumperz and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, "Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?". Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4), 2008: 532–545.
^ T. C. Hodson and the Origins of British Socio-linguistics by John E. Joseph Sociolinguistics Symposium 15, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, April 2004
^ Paolillo, John C. Analyzing Linguistic Variation: Statistical Models and Methods CSLI Press 2001, Tagliamonte, Sali Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation Cambridge, 2006
^ Labov, William (1966), The Social Stratification of English in New York City, Diss. Washington.
^ a b Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Wiley-Blackwell
^ Dubois, Sylvie and Horvath, Barbara. (1998). "Let's tink about dat: Interdental Fricatives in Cajun English." Language Variation and Change 10 (3), pp 245-61.
^ a b Chambers, J.K. (1995). Sociolinguistic Theory, Oxford: Blackwell.
^ Bright, William (1997). "Social Factors in Language Change." In Coulmas, Florian (ed) The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
^ Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and Women’s Place. New York: Harper & Row.
^ a b O’Barr, William and Bowman Atkins. (1980) "'Women’s Language' or 'powerless language'?" In McConnell-Ginet et al. (eds) Women and languages in Literature and Society. pp. 93-110. New York: Praeger.
^ a b Tannen, Deborah. (1991). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. London: Virago.
^ a b Fitzpatrick, M. A., Mulac, A., & Dindia, K. (1995). Gender-preferential language use in spouse and stranger interaction. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14, 18-39.
^ Hannah, Annette, and Tamar Murachver (1999). Gender and conversational style as predictors of conversational behavior. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18, 153-174.
^ Mulac, A., Studley, L.B., & Blau, S. (1990). "The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students’ impromptu essays." Sex Roles 23, 439-469.
^ Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). "Predicting gender from electronic discourse." British Journal of Social Psychology 40, 193-208.
^ Green, J. (2003). "The writing on the stall: Gender and graffiti." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 22, 282-296.
^ Thomson, R., Murachver, T., & Green, J. (2001). "Where is the gender in gendered language?" Psychological Science 12, 171-175.
^ Carli, L.L. (1990). "Gender, language, and influence." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5, 941-951.
^ a b Zimmerman, Don and West, Candace. (1975) "Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation." In Thorne, Barrie and Henly, Nancy (eds) Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance pp. 105-29. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury.
^ Barnes, Douglas (1971). "Language and Learning in the Classroom." Journal of Curriculum Studies. 3:1.
^ Todd, Alexandra Dundas. (1983) "A diagnosis of doctor-patient discourse in the prescription of contraception." In Fisher, Sue and Todd, Alexandra D. (eds) The Social Organization of Doctor-Patient Communication pp. 159-87. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.
^ a b DeFrancisco, Victoria (1991). "The sound of silence: how men silence women in marital relationships." Discourse and Society 2 (4):413-24.
^ Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. (1974) "A simple systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation." Language 50: 696-735.
^ Dorval, Bruce. (1990). Conversational Organization and its Development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
^ Dindia, K. & Allen, M. (1992). Sex differences in disclosure: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 106-124.
^ Labov, William. (1972). Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.
^ Eder, Donna. (1990). "Serious and Playful Disputes: variation in conflict talk among female adolescents." In Grimshaw, Allan (ed)Conflict Talk pp. 67-84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Fishman, Pamela. (1980). "Interactional Shiftwork." Heresies 2: 99-101.
^ Leet-Pellegrini, Helena M. (1980) "Conversational dominance as a function of gender and expertise." In Giles, Howard, Robinson, W. Peters, and Smith, Philip M (eds) Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. pp. 97-104. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
^ Coates, Jennifer (1993). Women, Men and language. London: Longman.
^ Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen. (1978). "Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena." In Goody, Esther (ed) Questions and Politeness pp 56-289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Brown, Penelope. (1980). "How and why are women more polite: some evidence from a Mayan community." In McConnell-Ginet, S. et al. (eds) Women and Language in Literature and Society pp. 111-36. New York: Praeger.