[Edit] Politeness

Politeness in speech is described in terms of positive and negative face.^[31] Positive face refers to one's desire to be liked and admired, while negative face refers to one's wish to remain autonomous and not to suffer imposition. Both forms, according to Penelope Brown’s study of the Tzeltal language, are used more frequently by women whether in mixed or single-sex pairs, suggesting for Brown a greater sensitivity in women than have men to face the needs of others.^[32] In short, women are to all intents and purposes largely more polite than men. However, negative face politeness can be potentially viewed as weak language because of its associated hedges and tag questions, a view propounded by O’Barr and Atkins (1980) in their work on courtroom interaction.^[10]

Further information: Genderlect and Complimentary language and gender

[Edit] See also

• Allan Bell

• Anthropological linguistics

• Audience design

• Dell Hymes

• Diglossia

• Gregory Guy

• Interactional sociolinguistics

• John Rickford

• Joshua Fishman

• Language ideology

• Language planning

• Linguistic anthropology

• Linguistic marketplace

• Matched-guise test

• Sociocultural linguistics

• Sociohistorical linguistics

• Peter Trudgill

• Prestige (sociolinguistics)

• Shana Poplack

• Style-shifting

• Variation analysis

[Edit] References

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3. ^ Paolillo, John C. Analyzing Linguistic Variation: Statistical Models and Methods CSLI Press 2001, Tagliamonte, Sali Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation Cambridge, 2006

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5. ^ ^{a b} Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Wiley-Blackwell 

6. ^ Dubois, Sylvie and Horvath, Barbara. (1998). "Let's tink about dat: Interdental Fricatives in Cajun English." Language Variation and Change 10 (3), pp 245-61.

7. ^ ^{a b} Chambers, J.K. (1995). Sociolinguistic Theory, Oxford: Blackwell.

8. ^ Bright, William (1997). "Social Factors in Language Change." In Coulmas, Florian (ed) The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

9. ^ Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and Women’s Place. New York: Harper & Row.

10. ^ ^{a b} O’Barr, William and Bowman Atkins. (1980) "'Women’s Language' or 'powerless language'?" In McConnell-Ginet et al. (eds) Women and languages in Literature and Society. pp. 93-110. New York: Praeger.

11. ^ ^{a b} Tannen, Deborah. (1991). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. London: Virago.

12. ^ ^{a b} Fitzpatrick, M. A., Mulac, A., & Dindia, K. (1995). Gender-preferential language use in spouse and stranger interaction. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14, 18-39.

13. ^ Hannah, Annette, and Tamar Murachver (1999). Gender and conversational style as predictors of conversational behavior. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18, 153-174.

14. ^ Mulac, A., Studley, L.B., & Blau, S. (1990). "The gender-linked language effect in primary and secondary students’ impromptu essays." Sex Roles 23, 439-469.

15. ^ Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). "Predicting gender from electronic discourse." British Journal of Social Psychology 40, 193-208.

16. ^ Green, J. (2003). "The writing on the stall: Gender and graffiti." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 22, 282-296.

17. ^ Thomson, R., Murachver, T., & Green, J. (2001). "Where is the gender in gendered language?" Psychological Science 12, 171-175.

18. ^ Carli, L.L. (1990). "Gender, language, and influence." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5, 941-951.

19. ^ ^{a b} Zimmerman, Don and West, Candace. (1975) "Sex roles, interruptions and silences in conversation." In Thorne, Barrie and Henly, Nancy (eds) Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance pp. 105-29. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury.

20. ^ Barnes, Douglas (1971). "Language and Learning in the Classroom." Journal of Curriculum Studies. 3:1.

21. ^ Todd, Alexandra Dundas. (1983) "A diagnosis of doctor-patient discourse in the prescription of contraception." In Fisher, Sue and Todd, Alexandra D. (eds) The Social Organization of Doctor-Patient Communication pp. 159-87. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

22. ^ ^{a b} DeFrancisco, Victoria (1991). "The sound of silence: how men silence women in marital relationships." Discourse and Society 2 (4):413-24.

23. ^ Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. (1974) "A simple systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation." Language 50: 696-735.

24. ^ Dorval, Bruce. (1990). Conversational Organization and its Development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

25. ^ Dindia, K. & Allen, M. (1992). Sex differences in disclosure: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 106-124.

26. ^ Labov, William. (1972). Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.

27. ^ Eder, Donna. (1990). "Serious and Playful Disputes: variation in conflict talk among female adolescents." In Grimshaw, Allan (ed)Conflict Talk pp. 67-84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

28. ^ Fishman, Pamela. (1980). "Interactional Shiftwork." Heresies 2: 99-101.

29. ^ Leet-Pellegrini, Helena M. (1980) "Conversational dominance as a function of gender and expertise." In Giles, Howard, Robinson, W. Peters, and Smith, Philip M (eds) Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. pp. 97-104. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

30. ^ Coates, Jennifer (1993). Women, Men and language. London: Longman.

31. ^ Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen. (1978). "Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena." In Goody, Esther (ed) Questions and Politeness pp 56-289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

32. ^ Brown, Penelope. (1980). "How and why are women more polite: some evidence from a Mayan community." In McConnell-Ginet, S. et al. (eds) Women and Language in Literature and Society pp. 111-36. New York: Praeger.