1. In the usa judges ...

1. are drawn from the experienced practitioners – barristers.

2. have practiced law, the nature of that practice can be quite varied.

3. begin their professional careers as judges.

2. A lawyer can initially become a judge ...

1. on the highest court.

2. on the lowest court.

3. on the highest court, on the lowest court, or any court in between.

2. In the usa attorney at law ...

1. performs both civil and criminal legal functions for clients.

2. does not represent the clients in court.

3. is the specialist with particular skills in advocacy.

2. In the usa law school graduates ...

1. must spend a similar year as pupils.

2. are awarded the degree of Juris Doctor.

3. are not necessarily qualified.

2. In the usa anyone admitted to the bar in a state ...

1. is allowed to present cases in the higher courts.

2. spends much of his time preparing briefs for counsel.

3. is legally authorized to engage in any kind of legal practice in that state.

Task 7. Match the different branches of the law with the sphere of their application.

1. litigation	a) treaties and cross-border agreements
2. corporate and commercial	b) bringing lawsuits against others
3. family	c) contracts and mergers
4. environmental	d) rules applied to how a prosecution or civil action is conducted
5. employment	e) civil cases
6. private	f) pleading a case in court on behalf of a client
7. advocacy	g) divorce and marriage settlements
8. public international	h) relating to creativity, published ideas and art forms
9. intellectual property	i) equal opportunities and fair pay
10. procedural law	j) regarding industrial waste and pollution

Task 8. Complete the following sentences translating the words in brackets.

1. (Судді) are the decision makers, the key officials around whom all else is arranged.

2. Beyond these are the clerical and administrative personnel: secretaries, (секретарі суду) and their staffs, judicial educators, and court administrators.

3. American courts depend on lawyers (представляти інтереси сторін у суді) and to develop the evidence and the legal arguments.

4. There are many other private (колегії адвокатів), often based on areas of legal specialization.

5. A lawyer who has never been a judge can become a judge (в найвищому суді) or an intermediate appellate court or trial court, in either a state or the federal system.

6. Lawyers who come on the bench at the trial or intermediate appellate levels have no real (обов’язок) of moving to a higher court.

Task 9. Answer the questions.

1. What people are involved in court cases in the US?

2. How do judges in the United States initially come to the bench?

3. Do they follow a promotional pattern through the ranks of the judiciary?

4. What methods of judicial recruitment and promotion are used in the United States?

5. Who is essential to ensure the full and fair presentation of cases?

6. What is each lawyer’s obligation?

7. Whose matters are the admission to the practice of law and the governance of the legal profession?

8. What is the American Bar Association?

9. What are the requirements for admission to the bar?

10. Is there a formal division within the legal profession in the US?

11. What are typical areas of specialization among the US lawyers?

Task 10. Study the article below & answer the questions.

1. What are the names of the plaintiff and the defendant in the lawsuit?

2. What was the issue at the heart of the dispute?

3. What were the claims of both parties?

4. How did the Random House editor describe the manuscript?

5. How did Joan Collins’ attorney build up the defense?

6. What was the jury’s verdict?

UKRAINE

Warming up:

1. What can you tell about Ukraine?

2. What outstanding people of Ukraine do you know?

3. What is the date of the proclamation of Independence of Ukraine?