- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter of stylistics and its basic notions.
- •2. General scientific background of linguo-stylistics. Information theory and stylistics. The definition of information. Different types of information.
- •3. Information theory and linguistics. The major types of information from a linguo-stylistic prospective.
- •4. The principal model of information transfer. Its constituents.
- •5. The principal model of information transfer. Basic processes involved. Information loss and accumulation.
- •6. Types and kinds of stylistics.
- •7. Basic notions of stylistics: language, speech activity, and speech; syntagmatics and paradigmatics; marked and unmarked members of stylistic opposition.
- •8. Basic notions of stylistics: style, individual style; norm; variant, context.
- •9. Linguistic vs stylistic context, other types of context.
- •10. Em and sd.
- •11. Foregrounding: the evolution of the notion, major types.
- •12. The theory of image. The image structure, types of images.
- •13. Style and meaning. Types of connotations.
- •14. Forms and varieties of language. The notion of received standard.
- •15. Basis for the stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary; stylistic and functional style.
- •16. См. 17, 18, 19, 20
- •17. Stylistic potential of neutral words.
- •18. Literary words and their stylistic functions.
- •19. The interrelations between archaic word, historic words, stylistic and lexical neologisms.
- •21. The notions of em and sd on the syntactic level.
- •22. General characteristics of the English syntactical expressive means.
- •23. Syntactical em based on the redundancy of elements of the neutral syntactic model.
- •24. Syntactical em based on the violation of word order of elements of the neutral syntactic model.
- •25. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of several syntactic constructions within the utterance.
- •26. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of forms and types of syntactic connections between words, clauses, sentences.
- •27. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of the syntactic construction meaning with the context.
- •28. General characteristics of the English semasiological means of stylistics.
- •29. Classification of figures of substitution. Em based on the notion of quantity an em based on the notion of quality.
- •30. General characteristics of figures of substitution as expressive means of semasiology.
- •31. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •32. Figures of quality: general characteristics.
- •33. Figures of quantity: hyperbole, meiosis.
- •49. Major paradigms of literary text interpretation.
- •50. Hermeneutic, logical, psychological perspectives of the literary text interpretation.
- •51. Basic notions of literary text interpretation: textual reference and artistic model of the world. Fictitious time and space.
- •52. Basic notions of the literary text interpretation. Text partitioning and composition. Implication and artistic detail.
- •53. The notion of the author in the narrative text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s textual presence.
- •54. The notion of the point of view. Types of point of view.
- •55. The narrator in the literary text. Types of narrators.
- •56. Approaches to fictional character within the framework of modern text interpretation.
- •57. Major classifications of literary text characters.
- •58. Methods of characterization of the literary text personage.
- •59. Perceptive semantics of the literary text. The notion of “split addressee”. Major criteria for the differentiation of literary text addressees.
- •60. Reader-in-the-text as a literary text construct. Typology of “in-text” readers.
- •61. Linguistic signals of addressee-orientation. Cognitive mechanisms of their formation and functioning, their typology.
6. Types and kinds of stylistics.
Types: As in modern linguistics 3 areas of language are distinguished, namely, language system (langue), speech activity (performance) and speech material/speech (parole), the notion of function has certain peculiarities applied to each of these areas. Understanding of style is different, too, as applied to language, speech activity and speech. Accordingly, 3 types of stylistics may be distinguished: stylistics of language, stylistics of activity, stylistics of speech.
Kinds: (but I'm not sure!!!)
- phonographical stylistics
-morphological stylistics
- lexical stylistics
- syntactical (stylistic syntax).
7. Basic notions of stylistics: language, speech activity, and speech; syntagmatics and paradigmatics; marked and unmarked members of stylistic opposition.
Language is the system of signs, the relations between them and the rules of their usage.
Speech activity is the process of converting the language system into speech in accordance with fixed rules and patterns. Speech is the materialization of language in communication.
Paradigmatics is a set of relations between the language units of one class which are based on association. Syntagmatics is a set of linear relations between the speech units of one level within a unit of a higher language level.
8. Basic notions of stylistics: style, individual style; norm; variant, context.
Style is a distinctive way of using language for some purpose and to some effect (P. Verdonk)
Individual style – a writer’s individual manner of using language means to achieve the effect he desires. Can be recognized by peculiar combination of language means and SD.
Deliberate choice must be distinguished from habitual idiosyncrasy.
Idiolect – the speech of an individual, characterized by peculiarities typical of that particular individual.
It is next to impossible to work out universal language norms because each functional style has its own regulations: “I ain’t got no news” is considered normal in colloquial style.
Norm – set of language rules which are considered to be the most standard and correct in a certain epoch and a certain society.
Types of norm: language norm
stylistic norm
ethic/ecological norm
9. Linguistic vs stylistic context, other types of context.
A linguistic context is the encirclement of a language unit by other language units in speech. Such encirclement makes the meaning of the unit clear and unambiguous. It is especially important in case with polysemantic words.
Types of linguistic context:
Microcontext is the context of a single utterance (sentence).
Macrocontext is the context of a paragraph in a text.
Megacontext is the context of a book chapter, a story or the whole book.
Stylistic context – unity of stylistic element and its surroundings.
Micropoetic – the context limited by a complete sentence.
Macropoetic – the context of paragraph or the whole text.
An extralingual (situational) context is formed by extralingual con-ditions in which communication takes place. Besides making the meaning of words well-defined, a situational context allows the speaker to economize on speech efforts and to avoid situationally redundant language signs. The com-mands of a surgeon in an operating room, such as "scalpel", "pincers" or "tampon", are understood by his assistants correctly and without any addi-tional explanations about what kind of tampon is needed.
Extralingual context can be physical or abstract and can significantly affect the communication Such surroundings form a physical context. A dialogue between colleagues can be affected by the nature of their relationship. That is, one may be of higher status than the other. Such nature forms an abstract context. Historical accounts are more easily understood when evoked in the context of their own time. Such context is called temporal or chronological. There would be a psychologi-cally advantageous context within which to tell one's spouse about that dent-ed bumper on the new car. Such context may be called psychological.