- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter of stylistics and its basic notions.
- •2. General scientific background of linguo-stylistics. Information theory and stylistics. The definition of information. Different types of information.
- •3. Information theory and linguistics. The major types of information from a linguo-stylistic prospective.
- •4. The principal model of information transfer. Its constituents.
- •5. The principal model of information transfer. Basic processes involved. Information loss and accumulation.
- •6. Types and kinds of stylistics.
- •7. Basic notions of stylistics: language, speech activity, and speech; syntagmatics and paradigmatics; marked and unmarked members of stylistic opposition.
- •8. Basic notions of stylistics: style, individual style; norm; variant, context.
- •9. Linguistic vs stylistic context, other types of context.
- •10. Em and sd.
- •11. Foregrounding: the evolution of the notion, major types.
- •12. The theory of image. The image structure, types of images.
- •13. Style and meaning. Types of connotations.
- •14. Forms and varieties of language. The notion of received standard.
- •15. Basis for the stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary; stylistic and functional style.
- •16. См. 17, 18, 19, 20
- •17. Stylistic potential of neutral words.
- •18. Literary words and their stylistic functions.
- •19. The interrelations between archaic word, historic words, stylistic and lexical neologisms.
- •21. The notions of em and sd on the syntactic level.
- •22. General characteristics of the English syntactical expressive means.
- •23. Syntactical em based on the redundancy of elements of the neutral syntactic model.
- •24. Syntactical em based on the violation of word order of elements of the neutral syntactic model.
- •25. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of several syntactic constructions within the utterance.
- •26. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of forms and types of syntactic connections between words, clauses, sentences.
- •27. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of the syntactic construction meaning with the context.
- •28. General characteristics of the English semasiological means of stylistics.
- •29. Classification of figures of substitution. Em based on the notion of quantity an em based on the notion of quality.
- •30. General characteristics of figures of substitution as expressive means of semasiology.
- •31. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •32. Figures of quality: general characteristics.
- •33. Figures of quantity: hyperbole, meiosis.
- •49. Major paradigms of literary text interpretation.
- •50. Hermeneutic, logical, psychological perspectives of the literary text interpretation.
- •51. Basic notions of literary text interpretation: textual reference and artistic model of the world. Fictitious time and space.
- •52. Basic notions of the literary text interpretation. Text partitioning and composition. Implication and artistic detail.
- •53. The notion of the author in the narrative text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s textual presence.
- •54. The notion of the point of view. Types of point of view.
- •55. The narrator in the literary text. Types of narrators.
- •56. Approaches to fictional character within the framework of modern text interpretation.
- •57. Major classifications of literary text characters.
- •58. Methods of characterization of the literary text personage.
- •59. Perceptive semantics of the literary text. The notion of “split addressee”. Major criteria for the differentiation of literary text addressees.
- •60. Reader-in-the-text as a literary text construct. Typology of “in-text” readers.
- •61. Linguistic signals of addressee-orientation. Cognitive mechanisms of their formation and functioning, their typology.
1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter of stylistics and its basic notions.
The word ‘stylistics’ is derived from ‘style’ which originates from the Latin ‘stylus/stilus’ – a slender pointed writing instrument (a small stick with a pointed end) used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as they scratched letters on wax-covered plates (or wax tablets).
The scope of problems stylistics is to solve is up to discussion at the present day.
Stylistics is a linguistic discipline which studies nominative and communicative language units and the principles according to which the units of all language levels are selected for achieving a certain pragmatic aim in different communicative situations. (Morokhovsky).
Stylistics is the study of style, which can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expressions in language and the description of its purpose and effect (Peter Verdonk).
Stylisitics is a branch of general linguistics, which deals with the following two interdependent tasks:
a) studies the totality of special linguistic means ( stylistic devices and expressive means ) which secure the desirable effect of the utterance;
b) studies certain types of texts "discourse" which due to the choice and arrangement of the language are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of communication (functional styles).Galperin
The subject-matter of stylistics can be outlined as the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and, on the other, the study of each style of language as classified, its aim, its structure, its characteristic features and the effect it produces, as well as its interrelation with other styles of language.
Branches in stylistic: Linguistic Stylistics, Literary Stylistics, Corpus Stylistics, Feminist Stylistics, Film Stylistics, Functionalist Stylistics, Historical Stylistics, Multimodal Stylistics
We do stylistics to
-enrich our ways of thinking about language by shedding light on the language system, as well as learning the ‘rules’ of language (stylistics often explores texts where those rules are bent);
-acquire the skills of adequate comprehension and accurate interpretation of texts used in different spheres of human communication (mass media, editorials, brief news, analytical articles, scientific prose, poetry, drama, etc.)
2. General scientific background of linguo-stylistics. Information theory and stylistics. The definition of information. Different types of information.
The Sources of Stylistics:
• Rhetoric – the art of creating speech;
• Poetics the process of artistic creation;
• Dialectics – the study of methods of persuasion.
The futher development of stylistics was based on the three above-mentioned sources, form which poetics went its own way and developed into what is now known as literary critisism.
The term stylistics is a broad notion. Most linguists define such major types of stylistics, such as: lingvo-stylistics, literary stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive stylistics.
Lingvo-stylistics is a science of functional styles (f.s.) and the expressive potential of a language.
Information theory - decoding stylistics
In terms of information theory the author’s style may be named the stylistics of encode – the language being viewed as the code to shape the information into the message and the supplier of information respectively, the author is the encoder (addresser). The audience in this case plays the part of the decoder of the information contained in the message and the problem connected with the adequate reception of the message without any information loses and deformation that is with adequate decoding other concern of decoding stylistics.
Information, in terms of philosophy, is the inner content of the process of reflection which results in changing the characteristics of some objects due to the influence of other objects they interact with.
Denotative information - is the contential nucleus of a language unit which 1) names the subject-matter of communication; 2) is not predetermined by the communication act; 3) directly or indirectly refers to the object or notion of reality.
Connotative information is the contential periphery of a language unit which: 1) depends upon different aspects of communication act (time, participants, etc). 2) expresses the speaker's attitude to the subject-matter of communication, to the listener os to the social status of the interlocutors.
Message is the information which the speaker intends to transmit to (or, rather, to provoke in) the listener. Signal is the information materialized verbally (e.g. in a sound form) or non-verbally (e.g. dance, a piece of music etc.), as a text etc.
Communication channel is constituted by the physical, situational, cultural, social, economic, or political environment in which the signal is transmitted.