19

physical punishment, the right to divorce, free trade, and no restriction on interest. But he supported inheritance tax, restrictions on monopoly power, pensions and health insurance.

As requested in his will, his body was preserved and stored in a wooden cabinet, termed his “Auto-Icon”, at University College London. The Auto-Icon has always had a wax head, as Bentham’s head was badly damaged in the preservation process. The real head was displayed in the same case for many years, but became the target of repeated student ranks including being stolen on more than one occasions. It is now locked securely.

D3. PROJECT-WORK

Using information sources find some more facts about most prominent people in the sphere of law, legal actions, social reforms. Present your information in the form of a report to the class.

LESSON 4

A. VOCABULARY

A1. Do you know the meaning of the words in the box? Match the word and its definition.

Security insecurity threat destruction protection

a)the possibility that something bad is going to happen

b)the process of keeping someone or something safe

c)safety from attack, damage, harm; also a feeling of safety

d)the act of destroying something

e)a feeling of being not safe or protected

A2. There are some expressions from the text below. Try to match them to their Russian equivalents.

-accustomed life-style

B. READING AND COMPREHENSION

B1. Read the text, give a title to it and answer the questions after the text.

_______________________

Human beings have always wanted security in their lives and yet almost everywhere their lot in life is insecurity. What is “personal insecurity”? It is the threat, direct or indirect, imaginary or real, posed for individuals by other people. And in what ways can human society make a threat to the personal safety of individuals? Some scholars consider that there are three kinds of possible threats to person’s secure life.

In the first place is a phenomenon of large-scale organized violence and deliberate destructions of human lives. This may involve international conflicts and armed civil conflicts. Nobody doubts that war is the greatest threat to personal security.

The second threat to personal security is the global phenomenon of deepening economic recession, declining world trade, the growing gap between rich and poor. People feel themselves insecure in their accustomed life-style, hopes and expectations.

The third problem of personal security in society is in the threat posed to individuals by other people who live in the same social world; it is person-to- person direct threat to individual’s life, health, tranquility and possessions.

Questions:

1.What is the definition of personal insecurity given in the text?

2.Can you think of some examples of direct threat? Indirect threat?

3.Can you explain what imaginary threat is?

4.What are three kinds of threats noted in the text? Do you agree with given classification?

5.Do you personally feel secure (or insecure) in your life?

6.Do you agree that laws make people feel safe?

C. DISCUSSION

C1. Discuss in small groups:

1)interview your group mates about their personal feeling of security (insecurity) concerning such spheres of life as food, environment, crime, financial stability, medical services, etc. Summarize the results of your interview.

2)what aims, or functions laws should have to make people feel safe and secure. Think about the following:

21

-what should laws forbid

-what should they permit

-what must be guaranteed by laws, etc.

D. READING

D1. Read the following text, pay attention to the underlined words and be ready to discuss the text.

KEY VOCABULARY

Be concerned with (v) – иметь отношение к чему-либо enable (v) – давать право, возможность

flourish (v) – процветать

framework (n) – структура, рамки, пределы disobey (v) – не подчиняться

forbid (v) - запрещать require (v) – требовать provide (v) – обеспечивать facilities (n) - возможности arrangement (n) – соглашение settle (v) – решать

restriction (n) – ограничение

Aims of law

As it is known, law has several aims which are mainly concerned with making society more stable. Laws enable people to flourish and feel secure in their lives. To achieve this purpose it is necessary to set up an official framework of compulsion. So the first aim of law is to forbid certain ways of behaving, like murder, terrorism, or smoking in public places, and to require other ways of conduct, like paying income tax. If people disobey the rules the law may threaten them with something unpleasant - often called a sanction - like being imprisoned or having to pay compensation. This aim serves to the idea that within this framework of do’s and don’ts people can live more securely.

The second aim of law is to provide facilities for people to make their own arrangements. Laws should guarantee to people who buy and sell goods, form companies, sign contracts, take employment, and so on that the state will protect or enforce these arrangements.

The third aim of law is to settle disputes among citizens about what the law is and whether or not it was broken. If we take these three aims together, we may see that law not only threatens those who break it (that means they do what the law forbids) but promises to protect people’s

22

interests. The law imposes restrictions on people but also gives them certain guarantees.

E. VOCABULARY

E1. Find in the text the equivalents for the following expressions:

-давать возможность процветать

-установить рамки

-определенный образ поведения

-платить налоги

-не подчиняться правилам

-в рамках «можно и нельзя»

-наниматься на работу

-обеспечивать соблюдение соглашений

-разрешать спорные вопросы

-налагать ограничения

-давать гарантии

E2. Note the meaning of the word “PROVIDE”. Make the translation.

1) to provide smth. for (to) smb.; to provide smb. with smth. cнабжать, обеспечивать, предоставлять, давать

The hotel provides a playroom for children.

The lecture provided him with an opportunity to meet one of his

heroes.

We provide legal advice to our clients.

2)to provide for smth.(smb.) обеспечивать (средствами),

предусматривать, обуславливать

She has always provided for her children.

The budget provides for a salary increase after one year.

3)provided (that) если, при условии, что…

You can go out provided that you finish your work first. This dog will never bite you provided you let it alone.

4) to provide against smth.принять меры против чего-либо, запрещать

This contract provides against the resale of the house.

E3. Translate the sentences.

1.He has a large family to provide for.

2.He died without providing for his widow.

3.I am provided with everything I need.

4.She could not provide her children with food and clothes.

5.The warrant (ордер) provided for his arrest.