51

-stand under it at night

-take a picture of it

8.In West Virginia it is illegal to do what underwater:

-to fish

-to sleep

-to swim

-to whistle

9.Which of these are actual laws in the cities of California state?

-Arcadia: peacocks have the right of way to cross any street, including driveways

-Baldwin Park: you are not allowed to ride the bicycle in a swimming pool

-Hermosa Beach: one may not show their buttocks while on a playground

-all of these

10 In Ohio it is illegal to do what to a fish?

-throw it back in a river after catching it

-get it drunk

-fry it on Sunday

-name it “Fido”

11.If you commit adultery in West Virginia, what is the penalty?

-6 months jail

-$20 fine

-$500 fine

-you must apologize to your wife in front of her parents

12.In Minnesota it is illegal to make fun of…

-humans

-monkeys

-skunks

-fish

LESSON 2

A. GRAMMAR REVISION

A1. Complete the following table using the words given below:

Must; mustn’t; can; can’t; have to; don’t have to; be allowed to; be not allowed to; should; shouldn’t; ought to; need; need not

52

A2. Choose the best form.

1.You mustn’t/needn’t smoke in the classroom.

2.You mustn’t/needn’t make your report tomorrow.

3.(Formal) Whoever commits robbery shall/should be punished with rigorous imprisonment.

4.If you see anything unusual you shall/should call the police.

5.You shouldn’t/needn’t talk too loud; you’ll wake the baby.

6.You shouldn’t/needn’t talk so loud; I can hear you.

7.The doctor says you should/can stop smoking.

8.The doctor says you should/can go out.

9.We have to/must send these VAT forms back before the end of the month: we are required to do so by law.

10.You have to/must phone home: it’s urgent.

11.You cannot/mustn’t smoke here (you are not allowed).

12.You cannot/mustn’t smoke here (you are forbidden to).

A3. Make up sentences of your own to say what people must do, can do, must not do. Use different language structures.

B. LANGUAGE STUDY. EXPRESSING MORAL AND LEGAL OBLIGATION

B1. We can express moral and legal obligations not only with modal verbs. Learn the following patterns by heart:

1) with verbs (often in passive):

Visitors are not permitted to picnic on the grass. Smoking on this premises is strictly forbidden. Chewing gum has been banned from the canteen area. Guests are required to vacate their rooms by midday. You’re not expected to leave a tip.

You’re not obliged to pay to go into the gallery. You’re supposed to smile at all of your clients.

2) with adjectives:

Military service is still compulsory in many countries. Joining the union is not obligatory.

53

Is her evidence permissible in court?

He was sent off for illegitimate use of the elbow. There has been talk of an illicit liaison.

3) with nouns:

It’s your duty to help him.

You have an obligation to support your family. There is no need to feel guilty.

It’s your choice, nobody’s forcing you.

4) with prepositional phrases:

You’re under no obligation to say anything if arrested. It’s up to you to tell him – he’s your brother.

It’s all down to you to decide if you do it (you must decide).

B2. In the chart below there is the information about some things people cannot do in various countries. Make up sentences using the expressions from the previous exercise.

e.g. Swaziland: (for young girls) to shake hands with men – Young girls are not permitted to shake hands with men. Or, It is not permissible for young girls to shake hands with men.

54

C. DISCUSSION

C1. Here are some reasons why some laws (from the chart above) were adopted. Find in the chart the laws corresponding to the following reasons:

1)During an unruly riot or demonstration, police may sometimes need to arrest persons breaking the law, and they can do so more easily if person’s identity is not concealed*.

2)The law was introduced as an attempt to restrain gambling*. However, all games were banned since the government could not distinguish between harmless Internet chess and other games it considered illegal.

3)Many terrorists favour the practice of placing bomb in a bag to

explode later. Since this became a real threat, this law was passed.

------------------------------------------------------------------

*conceal – скрывать, утаивать *gambling – азартная игра, игра на деньги

Can you think of any reasons why the other laws were introduced?

D. TRANSLATION

D1. Translate the sentences using the words in brackets.

1)Мне строго запрещено курить: это опасно для моего здоровья. (forbid)

2)Многие произведения мировой литературы были запрещены по политическим причинам. (ban)

3)Контрабандная торговля возникла много лет назад и существует до сих пор. ( illicit)

4)Вы же не требуете, чтобы я сделал эту работу в один день, не так ли? (expect)

5)Предполагается, что ученый знаком (=знает) с новейшими трудами по своей специальности. (expect)

6)Вы позволите мне взять это у вас? (allow)

7)Это твой долг исполнить его просьбу. (duty)

8)От вас требуется повиноваться судебному решению. (require)

9)Закон обязывает родителей отправлять детей в школу. (oblige)

10)Судья (referee) дисквалифицировал спортсмена за использование запрещенного приема. (forbidden)

11)На экзамене будет три обязательных вопроса. (compulsory)

12)Этот преподаватель требует от студентов обязательного посещения своего предмета. (obligatory)