метафора стилистика прагматика / Linguistic Stylistics - Gabriela Missikova part 1
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LINGUISTIC STYLISTICS
Gabriela MIŠŠÍKOVÁ
Filozofická Fakulta
Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa
Nitra 2003
Opponents: Prof. PhDr. Tibor Žilka, DrSc. Doc. PhDr. Pavol Kvetko
Proofreading: John Kehoe
Financované Komisiou J. W. Fulbrighta v SR
© Filozofická fakulta UKF Nitra 2003
ISBN 80-8050-595-0
CONTENTS
FOREWORD………………………………………………………………………... 8
1.STYLISTICS AND STYLE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND RECENT TRENDS……………………………………………………….. 9
1.1Ancient Times……………………………………………………………… 9
1.2The Middle Ages……………………………………………………………10
1.3The New Age……………………………………………………………… 11
1.3.1The 20th Century: Linguistic Schools and Conceptions before Ferdinand de Saussure……………………………………………....12
1.4Recent Development: Stylistics in the United Kingdom……………………13
2.MAIN CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS………………………………. 15
2.1 The Scope of Stylistic Study………………………………………………. 15
2.2 The Notion of Language and Literary Style……………………………….. 16
2.3 Stylistic Analysis and Literary Interpretation.…………………………….. 17
2.4 Definitions of Style……………………………………………………….... 17
2.5 Definitions of Stylistics……………………………………………………. 18
2.6 Attempts at Refutation of Style…………………………………….……… 21
2.7 Style as a Notational Term………………………………………………… 22
2.8 Style as a Linguistic Variation…………………………………………….. 22
3.STYLISTICS AND OTHER FIELDS OF STUDY…………………….. 24
3.1 Stylistics and Other Linguistic Disciplines………………………………... 24
3.2 Stylistics and Literary Study……………………………………………….. 24
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3.3Linguistic versus Literary Context………………………………………… 25
3.4Linguistic Theories and the Study of Style………………………………... 25
3.4.1Where Would Style Go within the Two Presented Theories? ……… 26
4.EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES………………… 29
4.1 Expressive Means………………………………………………………….. 29
4.2 Stylistic Devices…………………………………………………………… 31
4.3 Standard English…………………………………………………………… 32
4.3.1Standard American English………………………………………... 32
4.3.2Differences between British and American English……………….. 34
4.4 Varieties of Language……………………………………………………... 35
5.LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES……. 39
5.1 Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning……………………….. 39
5.1.1Interaction of Dictionary and Contextual Logical Meanings…...…. 40
5.1.2Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings……….. 44
5.1.3Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings……………………... 45
5.1.4Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings…………………….. 46
5.2 Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing or Phenomenon…………... 47 5.3 Peculiar Use of Set Expressions……………………………………..…….. 50
6.STYLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LEXICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS………………………………………………………………...….. 53
6.1Stylistic Characteristics of Parts of Speech………………………………... 53
6.2Stylistic Value of Particular Parts of Words………………………………. 57
6.3Synonymy and Polysemy………………………………………………….. 57
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7.SYNTACTIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS………………………………..…. 59
7.1 Modality of a Sentence…………………………………………………….. 59
7.1.1Ways of Expressing Modality…………………………………….... 59
7.1.2Stylistic Exploitation of Modality………………………………….. 59
7.1.3Types of Sentences according to the Types of Modality………….... 60
7.2 Expressiveness in Syntax……………………………….………………….. 60
7.2.1Expressive Syntactic Constructions………………………………... 60
7.2.2Word-order…………………………………………………………. 64
7.2.3Detached Constructions……………………………………………. 65
7.2.4The Length of a Sentence and its Type…………………………….. 73
7.2.5Syntactic Constructions Based on the Relation of Synonymy……... 73
7.2.6Transferred Use of Structural Meaning……………………………. 75
8.THE STUDY OF THE SYNTACTIC WHOLE IN STYLISTICS…….. 77
8.1 Main Concepts……………………………………………………………... 77
8.2 Combining Parts of an Utterance…………………………………………... 78
8.3 Cohesion and Coherence…………………………………………………... 80
9.EXTRA-LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS………………………... 87
9.1 The Notion of Paralanguage……………………………………………….. 87
9.2 Visual Expressive Means………………………………………………….. 90
9.2.1Graphetics and Graphology………………………………..……….. 90
9.3 Kinesics……………………………….……………………………………. 91
10.PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES…... 92
10.1General Notes………………………………………………………... 92
10.2Phonetic Stylistic Devices…………………………………….………92
10.2.1Onomatopoeia…………………………………………………….... 92
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10.2.2Alliteration………………………………………………………..... 94
10.2.3Assonance………………………………………………………….. 95
10.2.4Rhyme and Rhythm………………………………………………... 96
10.2.5Phonaesthesia………………………...………………………...….. 97
10.2.6Sound Symbolism………………………………………………….. 97
11.STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY…... 99
11.1Layers of the Vocabulary…………………………………...……….. 99
11.1.1Neutral, Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary… 100
11.1.2Special Literary Vocabulary……………………………………….. 102
11.1.3Special Colloquial Vocabulary……………………………………... 104
11.2The Classification of Slang………………………………………….. 105
11.2.1What is Slang? …………………………………………………….. 105
11.2.2Sociolinguistic Aspect of Slang……………………………………. 105
11.2.3Primary and Secondary Slang………………..…………………… 107
11.2.4Individual Psychology of Slang……………………………………. 107
11.2.5Slang and Language Levels………………………………………... 107
12.FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE………………... 111
12.1Stylistic Significance……………………………………………….... 111
12.2Attempts to Categorise Functions of Language……………………… 111
12.3Classification of Language Styles………………………………….…114
12.3.1The Belles-Lettres Style……………………………………………. 115
12.3.2Publicistic Style…………………………………………………….. 116
12.3.3Newspaper Style………………………………………………….... 117
12.3.4Scientific Prose Style………………………………………...…….. 120
12.3.5The Style of Official Documents…………………………………... 122
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LIST OF SOURCES…………………………………………………………………. 124
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1. |
The Analogists and Anomalists…………………………………….... 10 |
Table 2. |
Style and Stylistics………………………………….……………….. 20 |
Table 3. |
Types of Linguistic Variation………………………………….……. 23 |
Table 4. |
Linguistic Dichotomy of F. de Saussure and N. Chomsky………….. 26 |
Table 5. |
The Study of Style within the Theories of F. de Saussure and N. |
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Chomsky ………………………………….………………………… 28 |
Table 6. |
Reference………………………………….……………………….... 82 |
Table 7. |
Types of Lexical Cohesion………………………………….……….. 85 |
Table 8. |
Openness in Text………………………………….…………………. 86 |
Table 9. |
Semiosis………………………………….………………………….. 88 |
Table 10. |
Stylistic Markers of Synonyms……………………………………..… 101 |
Table 11. |
Main Factors in Verbal Communication…………………….……… 112 |
Table 12. |
Functions of Language………………………………….………….... 114 |
Table 13. |
Classification of Styles………..…………………….……………….. 114 |
Figure 1. |
Semiotic Triangle in Stylistics…………………………………...….. 89 |
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FOREWORD
The aim of the presented textbook is to provide Slovak university students of English language and literature with the theory of stylistics and its practical application in text analysis. By means of working with a wide variety of texts including literary (artistic) texts, stylistics can function as a bridging discipline between literary and linguistic courses. However, our strong intention, as manifested in the title of this textbook, is to constantly emphasise and explore the linguistic aspects of stylistic study.
The textbook is based on several theoretical sources, which were selected with regards to the needs of Slovak students who need to familiarise themselves with a variety of language usages in particular contexts and situations. Considering the differences between the British tradition and the concept of stylistics within Slovak and Czech linguistics, as well as the contrasts between European and American traditions, the textbook aims at a study of stylistic means within a variety of texts. Influenced by the domestic (Slavonic/structuralist) tradition we use the concept of a functional style which seems to be methodologically convenient. Many students have either a decent knowledge of Slovak stylistics, or, based on their everyday experiences, can identify various language styles and their functions in particular utterances (contexts and situations).
The main sources for the presented textbook are Stylistics by I. R.Galperin (1977), Investigating English Style by D. Crystal and D. Davy (1969) and the most comprehensive book on Slovak stylistics Štylistika by J. Mistrík (1985). We adopted the framework of the chapters on a stylistic classification of vocabulary, lexical and phonetic expressive means and devices from Galperin’s book, while reviewing and updating the content and presenting the most recent examples of the subject matter. Our explanation of paralanguage, graphetics and graphology is based on the ideas of D. Crystal and D. Davy. The book on Slovak stylistics by J. Mistrík provided us with a broader context of stylistic study, mainly historical perspectives and recent developments. Some other sources were used to clarify specific concepts (see the ‘List of Sources’). As stated in the text, several summarising explanations were adopted from A Dictionary of Stylistics by K. Wales (1990) and examples were also sought for in the Slovak dictionary of literary terms written by T. Žilka (1987). In addition to the works mentioned above, there are a few which I cherish as my favourite reading. The most inspiring are the works of respected personalities in the field, namely Ronald Carter, John Douthwaite, Mick Short and Peter Verdonk.
The presented textbook attempts to provide a comprehensive theoretical background to the study of Stylistics. For a practical application of the theory see the collection of guided tasks in stylistic analysis of literary and non-literary texts entitled
Working with Texts in Stylistics (Miššíková, due out in 2003).
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