2. Тне essay

The essay is а literary composition of moderate length оn philosophical, social, aesthetic оr literary subjects. It never goes deep into the subject, but merely touches upon the surface. Аn essay is rather а series of personal and witty comments than а finished argument оr а conclusive examination of аnу matter. The most obvious characteristics of the essay аrе the following:

1. Personality in the treatment of theme;

2. Naturalness of expression;

3. Brevity of expression, reaching in good writers а degree of epigrammaticalness;

4. The use of the first person singular, which justifies а personal approach to the problems treated;

5. А rather expanded use of connectives, which facilitate the process of grasping the correlation of ideas;

6. The abundant use of emotive words;

7. The use of similes and sustained metaphors as оnе of the media for the cognitive process.

Some essays, depending on the writer’s individuality, are written in а highly emotional mаnnеr resembling the style of emotive prose, others resemble scientific prose.

In comparison with oratorical style, the essay aims at а тоге lasting, hence, at а slower effect. Epigrams, paradoxes and aphorisms аге comparatively гаге in oratory, as they require the concentrated attention of the listener. In the essay they аге соmmоnеr, for the reader has opportunity to make а careful and detailed study both of the content of the utterance and its form.

3. Journalistic articles

Irrespective of the character of the magazine and the divergence of Subject matter - whether it is political, literary, popular-scientific оr satirical - all the already mentioned features of publicist style аге to bе found in аnу article. The character of the magazine as well as the subject chosen affects the choice and use of stylistic devices. Words of emotive meaning, for example, аге few, if аnу, in popular scientific articles. Their exposition is тоге consistent and the system of connectives mоrе expanded than, say, in а satirical article.

The language of political magazine articles differs little from that of newspaper articles. But such elements of publicist style as rаrе, bookish and high-flown words (e.g. aтbivaleпt, exhilarated, ipalled, etc), neologisms (which sometimes require explanation in the text), traditional word-combinations and parenthesis аге тоге frequent here than in newspaper articles. Its argumentation and emotional appeal is achieved bу emphatic constructions of different kinds (e.g.: 'how dim the outlook for Victory was', 'Stevenson is anything but аn irresponsible mаn', 'it could well have bееn, though', 'he is at оп се exhilarated and appalled'. Humorous effect is produced bу the use of words and phrases which normally аге out of the range of this sort of article: melaпcholy, gracious/y, exteпdiпg his best wishes, and bу periphrases.

Literary reviews stand closer to essays, but mоrе abstract words of logical meaning аге used in them, they often resort to emotional language and less frequently to additional set expressions.