метафора стилистика прагматика / Linguistic Stylistics - Gabriela Missikova part3 (публиц)

suppose, assume, presume, conclude, infer, point out, and others, for example, it should be pointed out, it must not be assumed, it must be emphasised, etc.

12.3.5 The Style of Official Documents

There is one more style that can be distinguished in the literary English language, and that is the style of official documents. I. R. Galperin (ibid.) points out that this style, like others, is not homogeneous. It is represented by the following substyles or variants:

•the language of business documents,

•the language of legal documents,

•the language of diplomacy,

•the language of military documents.

I. R. Galperin (ibid.) sees the main communicative aim of this style in stating the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. Considering particular substyles, for instance the legal language, or the language of the law, David Crystal and Derek Davy point out that it would be quite misleading to speak of legal language as communicating meaning. Of all uses of language, the language of the law is perhaps the least communicative, since it is designed mainly to allow one expert to register information for scrutiny by another. This causes much of its unusualness and odity. In fact, the legal writers use specific jargon which does not reflect the needs of a general public. Another quality which determines the style of legal documments is the extreme linguistic conservativism of legal English, apparent at the level of sentence structures and lexis (Crystal, Davy, ibid.).

Some other peculiarities of the style of official documments can be mentioned here. At the level of lexis the most striking feature is a special system of clichés, terms and set expressions by which each substyle can easily be recognised (e.g. I beg to inform you, I beg to move, provisional agenda, the above-mentioned, hereinafternamed, on behalf of, private advisory, Dear Sir, We remain, your obedient servants, etc.) In fact, each of the subdivisions of this style has its own peculiar terms, phrases and expressions which differ from the corresponding terms, phrases and expressions of other variants of this style. Thus in finance we find terms like extra revenue, taxable capabilities, liability to profit tax. In legal language to deal with a case, summary procedure, a body of judges, as laid down in. Likewise other varieties of official language have their special nomenclature, which is conspicuous in the text, and therefore easily discernible.

Besides the special nomenclature characteristic of each variety of the style, there are certain features common to all varieties:

•the use of abbreviations, symbols, contractions,

•the use of words in their logical dictionary meaning (in military documents sometimes metaphorical names are given to mountains, rivers, hills or villages),

•no words with emotive meaning except those which are used in business letters

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as conventional phrases of greeting or close, as Dear Sir, yours faithfully.

The distinctive properties appear as a system. The style is not recognisable only through its vocabulary. The syntactic pattern of the style is as significant as the vocabulary though not perhaps so immediately apparent.

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