методология / haritonchik / Leksikologiq_(seminary)

Recommended Reading

1.Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка.—С .153 –164.

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. 127 – 140.

3.А.И. Смирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 71– 83, 99 – 100.

4.З.А.Харитончик. Лексикология английского языка.– С. 166 –176.

5.Readings in Modern English Lexicology. /С.С.Хидекель, Р.С. Гинзбург,

Г.Ю.Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – С. 154--158.

6.Cоболева П.А. Словообразовательные отношения по конверсии между глаголом и отглагольным существительным в современном английском языке. – Автореферат дисс. ... канд. филол. наук. – М., 1959.

7.Aronoff M. When nouns surface as verbs // Language, vol.55, No.4. –1979.

c. WORD COMPOSITION

Key words: compounds proper, derivational compounds, idiomatic / non-idiomatic compounds

Problems for Discussion

1 Criteria for distinguishing between a compound word and a word phrase (graphical, phonetical, morphological, semantic).

2.Structural classification of compounds from the point of view of their immediate constituents( ICs).

3.Derivational types of compounds: compounds proper and derivational compounds. Derivational patterns of compounds proper: n+n dress-maker, a+n bluebell, v+n flywheel, adv+n in-patient, prt+v upkeep, prt+n onlooker), num+n two-step, v+v hearsay, v+adv(a) standstill, n+a pea-green, adv+a upright, a+a whitehot, a+adv nearby, v+n hangdog, n+(v+en) tongue-tired, prt+(v+en )bygone, adv+(v+en) freshly-lit, prt+(v+ing) outstanding, n +(v+ing) peace-loving, adv+(v+ing) far-seeing.

Derivational patterns of derivational compounds : (v+prt)+0 layoff, (v+er)+prt passer-by,

(v+ing)+prt summing-up, (num+n)+er four-wheeler, (a+n)+ed simple-minded, (n+n)+ed lifesized, (num+n)+ed four-footed, (v+prt)+0 knock-about, (v+en)+prt worn-out, (adv+n)+ed down-hearted. Productivity and activity of derivational patterns.

4.Compounds proper and derivational compounds vs derivatives built on a compound derivational base.

5Syntactic relations between the constituents of a compound word ( resemblance, relations of purpose, place , time, partitive, instrumental, possessive, agentive relations etc).

6.Semantic classification of compounds : nonidiomatic ( motivated), partially idiomatic (partially motivated) and idiomatic ( non-motivated) compounds.

Questions and Tasks

1.Making use of the criteria for differentiation state whether the following units represent compounds or word-phrases: sea-shore, green grass, child`s play, door-handle, pale blue, settled opinion, grass-green, outcome, call-girl, good to drink, way back, page three, page-turner, surgically clean, to sell for cash, as good as gold, hold-up, winding passage, standstill, speakeasy, newly-born, milk-white, fine month, twelvemonth, twelve months, knock-about, red-hot, red tulips, nearby, upbringing, good for nothing, dogooder, upright. Comment on the criteria or the criterion you have applied.

2.Identify the derivational type of the following compound words and write down their structural patterns: bedroom, hot-tempered, stone-cold, sunglasses, homesick, broadminded, ready-made, skating-rink, first-rate, cold-blooded, water-proof, street-fighter, whereabouts, dirt-cheap, moreover, rainbow, sky-blue, straightforward, wrong-sided, earthquake, offspring, four-wheeler, house-keeper, deadline, life-sized.

3.Give your own examples of compounds built on the following derivational patterns: n+n, a+n, adv+n, prt+n, prt+v, num+n, v+v, n+a, a+a, n+(v+en), adv+a, a+adv, v+n,

v+(prt)+0, (num+n)+er, (a+n)+ed, (n+n)+ed, (v+en)+prt, (adv+v)+ed.

Say which patterns are productive and which are not and give your arguments.

4.Identify the derivational type of the following words: absentmindedness, lipstick, to babysit, earlyriser, schoolmasterish, newcomer, four-wheeler, a breakdown, sunflower, music-lover, old worldish, firstnighter, headache, cinema-goer, honeymooner, grandfatherly, broad-shouldered, a brainstorm, evildoer, to braindrain, weight-conscious, newlyweds.

5.Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the derivational type of the underlined words

1). ―There shall be no beggar-marriages in my family‖, the father cried out.

2). Seriousfaced James Howden entered the high-ceilinged, beige-carpeted Privy Council Chamber.

3). It was a livedin, worked-in scholar`s cubicle. There were jammed bookshelves from floor to ceiling.

4). Judson`s head snapped up, his blue eyes hooding with suspicion. Donald had sounded almost schoolmasterish.

5). The BBC television comedy series ―Yes, Minister‖ has proved to be more than a delight. It has also been an eye-opener.

6) This book is an absolute page-turner.

7). Unless you have a brainstorm, I don`t see how we are going to get out of this.

6.Define the type of relations between the constituents of the following compounds: earing, snow-white, colour-blind, frost-bitten, shop-owner, daylight, ice-breaker, holiday-maker, seasick, narrow-minded, finger-ring, life-sized, homemade, springcleaning, grass-green, sugar-free, schoolmaster, sunset, fair-haired, deck-chair , worldwide.

7.Say whether the following compounds are motivated, partially motivated or nonmotivated (idiomatic): bathroom, housewife, bluebell, tallboy, sunshine, chatterbox, waterfall, lady-killer, horse-race, weekend, flower-bed, eye-opener, highlight, swimming-pool, landslide, page-turner, sun-blinds, brainwash, fortune-teller, dishwasher, good-looking, easy-going, lazybones, ladybird.

8.Read the following jokes and say how the humorous effect is achieved:

Patient : They say, doctor, you are a perfect ladykiller.

Doctor: Oh, no, no! I assure you, my dear madam, I make no difference between the sexes.

Customer: Is this lipstick waterproof and sunproof?

Shop assistant: Yes, madam. And it`s also kissproof

A young girl: My room has looked crammed since I acquired a tallboy. Her elderly neighbour: You should have found a shorter one, darling.

Recommended Reading

1.Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка.— М.,1986.—С. 108133.

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. 127 – 140

3.Кубрякова Е.С. О сложных словах эквифинального типа в современном английском языке // Вопросы структуры английского языка в синхронии и диахронии. Вып.5. Слово и предложение в структурно-семантическом аспекте.- Л.,1985

4.Смирницкий A. И. Лексикология английского языка. – С.114137

5.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка.- Минск, 1992.– С.177188.

6.Никошкова Е.В. Соотносительность сложных слов и словосочетаний ( на материале английского языка) // Ученые записки Московского государственного института иностранных языков им. Мориса Тореза. Т. 52. М. 1969.— С. 395415.

Seminar 3.

3d. Minor types of word-formation.

Key words: substantivation, adjectivalization, adverbialization, sound-interchange, stress shift (stress interchange), shortening (abbreviation), graphical shortening, lexical shortening, initial shortening (acronymy), blending (telescoping), clipping, back-formation (back-derivation, or reversion), the extension of proper names, classical myths, rhyming slang, composition of scientific names, sound-imitation (onomatopoeia, or echoism), reduplication (ablaut and rime gemination), lexicalization, compression, analogical word-formation, reinterpretation of sound and morphemic structure of words, word-manufacturing.

Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s ‗The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language‘ and their Russian equivalents in O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистических терминов‘ and ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.Minor types of word-formation. The problem of differentiating between major and minor types of word-formation.

2.Peculiarities of minor types of word-formation active and non-active in present-day English.

3.Shortening as one of the most active and productive minor types of word-formation. Graphical and lexical shortenings. Shortenings of different structural types and the ways of their creation.

Questions and Tasks

1.Identify the types of word-formation the following words are created by: arms, baby-sit, brunch, bye-bye, cock-a-doodle-doo, e-business, EU, helipad, Hoover, jazzercise, merry-go-round, pants, phone, photo, radar, U-station, walkie-talkie,

works.

Give your own examples of the words created by minor types of word-formation active and non-active in present-day English. Find examples of analogous wordformations in your native language.

2. Analyze different points of view on the boundaries of shortening and comment on

the type of word-formation the following words are created by: Benelux (Belgium + the Netherlands + Luxembourg), Bollywood (Bombay + Hollywood) and etc. Find your own examples of analogous words.

3.Comment on the status of the part tele- in the following words: telecamera, telecast, telecommunications (telecoms), telefilm, telekinesis, telepathy, teletext, teletype and etc. and identify the type of word-formation they are created by. Give analogous chains of words.

4.Give examples of graphical and lexical shortenings. Explain in what way lexical shortenings can correlate with graphical ones. Give examples of the words which are the results of changing graphical shortenings into lexical ones.

5.Analyze changes in spelling and etc. of the following shortenings and try to explain

their nature:

E mail → E-mail → e-mail → email; OK → okay, DJ → deejay, VJ → veejay;

A.M. (from Latin „ante meridiem‟) → a.m. [ eı em], P.M. (from Latin „post meridiem‟) → p.m. [ pi: em]. Find analogous examples.

6.Identify the types of shortening the following words belong to: copter (helicopter), helipad (helicopter pad) and HAS (Helicopter Air Service). Give your own examples of shortenings belonging to different structural types.

7.Identify the types of clipping the following words belong to: ad, burbs, celeb, champ, chimp, chute, croc, deb, doc, dorm, exam, flu, fridge, gator, gym, hippo, hols, info, lab, limo, lino, loco, mag, maths, mic, phone, photo, pol, pro, reg, pep, rhino, roo, sax, specs, stats, teen, telecoms, veg, zoo. Comment on the structural, semantic and stylistic differences (if there are any) between the clippings given above and their original words.

8.Identify the types of blending the following words belong to and give their original words: biopic, brunch, Brangelina, docudrama, docusoap, herkey, medicare, motel, netiquette, netizen, pro-am, showbiz, sitcom, smog, webcam, webliography. Where can we come across such words? Can we say that blends (portmanteau

words) are long-lived?

8.Give examples of initial shortenings of different structural types. Comment on their similarity with and/or difference from their original words/word groups.

9.Analyze the following contexts and say whether shortenings and their original words/word groups are interchangeable:

Anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) are to be scrapped and young offenders aged 10 – 18 will be made to sign an “acceptable behaviour contract” for first offences such as vandalism.

Oil prices fell for the eighth day in a row yesterday, after the American Petroleum Institute recorded a huge jump in US stocks.

/…/ The API said that US stocks for the week ending July 13 stood at 316 million barrels, more than 6 million barrels higher than expected and 24 million

barrels higher than in the same period a year earlier.

“You are suffering from narcotic poisoning,” he said coldly. “You very nearly died. I had to give you digitalis three times. You fought, you screamed, you had to be restrained.” His words were coming so fast they were leap-frogging themselves. “If you leave my hospital in this condition, you will get into serious trouble.”

“Did you say you were a doctor – a medical doctor?” “Certainly. I am Dr. Sonderborg, as I told you.”

“You don‟t scream and fight from narcotic poisoning, doc. You just lie in a coma. Try again. And skim it. All I want is the cream. Who put me in your private funny house?”

“May the Lawd receive his soul, brother.” Down went the voice again. “Cop?”

“Private – on a confidential lay. And I Know a man who can keep things confidential when I see one.” (Chandler, p. 24.)

“Coppers,” she said slowly, as if talking to herself, “will never catch that boy. He‟s good and he‟s got dough and he‟s got friends. You‟re wasting your time, copper.”

10.Analyze the following group of initial shortenings and try to explain to what extent the problem of ambiguity is typical of shortening: AID, CAP, CAR, CAT, DISH, GUM, HARM, HELP, KISS, LAMP, MAN, MAP, MOUSE, NORM, PAGE, SEA, SON, SPECTRE, TALISMAN, WOMAN, YARD and etc. Find analogous examples.

11.Analyze the following context and comment on the role of the words in bold type in understanding the meaning of the shortening:

CNN reported that the central command area at the airport in Kandahar had been attacked. A CNN correspondent in the city said that the assault was “like an earthquake”.

What lexical-semantic group do they belong to? What are other lexical-semantic groups of words which help to understand the meaning of a shortening especially when it is ambiguous or vague?

12.Analyze the structure of the following words: baccy, choccy, ciggy, footy (footie), hanky (hankie), lippy, lolly, nightie, tattie, veggie. Identify the type of wordformation they are created by. Give your own examples of mixed formations.

13.Analyze the structure of the following words and identify the types of wordformation they are created by: anti-radar, pro-EU, NATO-friendly, Internetcompatible, to radar, vCJD (variant CJD), to lase. Give your own examples of the so-called ‗abbrevemes‘.

14.Compare the pairs of words given below and say whether the verbs in them have the same status: to burgle – burglar and to swindle – swindler. Give your own examples of the words created by back-derivation. Try to explain what accounts

for the limited productivity of this type of word-formation.

15. Comment on the term ‗lexicalization‘ taking into account different interpretations of this word. Give examples of the words which are the results of changing a grammatical form of a word into an individual lexeme with its own lexical meaning.

Recommended Reading

1.Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Пособие для студентов пед. институтов (на английском языке). – 2-е изд. – Л.: Просвещение, 1975. – С. 132 – 145.

2.Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие для студентов. – 2-е изд., стереотип. – М.:

Дрофа, 2000. – С. 115 – 120.

3.Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебник (на английском языке). – 2-е изд. – М.: Высш. школа, 1973. – С. 134

–152.

4.Елдышев А.Н. Строение и мотивированность сокращенных слов (к проблеме взаимодействия формально-содержательных признаков в слове): Автореф. дис. …канд. филолог. наук: 10.02.04 / Моск. гос. пед. ин-т ин.

языков. – М., 1985. – 22с.

5.Кубрякова Е.С. Типы языковых значений. Семантика производного слова. – М.: Наука, 1981. – С. 70 – 72.

6.Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и факультетов иностранных языков (на английском языке) / Р.З.Гинзбург, С.С.Хидекель, Г.Ю.Князева и А.А.Санкин. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Высш. школа, 1979.

–С. 184 – 191.

7.Лещева Л.М. Слова в английском языке. Курс лексикологии английского языка: Учебник для студентов факультетов и отделений английского языка (на английском языке). – Мн.: Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001. – С. 89 – 94.

8.Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Изд-во иностр. лит.,1956. – С. 40 – 47.

9.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. –

Мн.: Выш. шк., 1992. – С. 188 – 191.

10.Bauer L. English Word-Formation. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. – P 230 – 240.

Topic 5

WORD-COMBINABILITY. ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY

Seminar 1. Combinability of words and context

Key words: a word combination (phrase), combinability (valency), lexical and grammatical valency, lexical and grammatical context, context of situation,

Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s ‗The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language‘ and their Russian equivalents in

O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ and ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.A compound word -- a free word combination -- a phraseological unit. Problems of boundaries and criteria.

2.Factors of government and binding words into phrases. Lexical and grammatical valency.

3.Context. Types of context.

4.The role of context in text perception.

Questions and Tasks

1.Analyze the following complex units and define their status as compound words or word combinations: avalanche of ice, papers, letters, blows, missiles; till the cows come home; craftbrother; Eskimo pie; field-telegraph; field pea; field bean; fiery sun, beams, trial, eyes, speeches, horse, disposition; glow-worm; glowing eyes, furnace, admiration, account; see smth (the joke, the point, the meaning of smth, smb‟s reason); international law (agreement, trade, conference, code), international lawyer; intermediate gear, intermediate steps (measures). Find your own examples of units of various types. Comment on the criteria you have used to define the type of a complex unit.

2.Analyze the following word combinations from the point of view of grammatical and lexical valency of their components: teach well, badly, competently, skilfully; teach children, adults, a mixed class of boys and girls; teach smb a good lesson; bring a present, his things, one‟s luggage upstairs, chairs, spoons; bring an answer, good news, a message; bring snow, rain, bad weather; bring him to see my point, bring them to see the wisdom of his plan; bring smth home to smb. Give your own examples of grammatical and lexical valency of English words.

3.Compare the valency of the following English words to that of their Russian correlates: face (the window, the terrace, the room, the house), face smb (the problem, the task that faced us), face the danger, the future, enemy, death bravely, unflinchingly; love smb dearly, devotedly, love smth (sweets, ice-cream, comfort, mountain-climbing), love to be praised, to be admired; reply (to a letter, a question, a toast); wonder (at smb, smth, at your behavior, at her saying that); yield (to smth, to force, to pressure, persuasion, temptation).

Recommended Reading

I. Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. – С .153 –164.

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. 127 – 140.

3.Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 71 – 83, 99 – 100.

4.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 166 – 176.

Seminar 2. English Phraseology

Key words: stability vs changeability, idiomaticity vs motivation, word equivalence, set expressions, idioms, phraseological unit (PhU), phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, phraseological collocations; traditional collocations, idioms proper, ready made utterances; free(variable) context combinations – non-variable (stable) context combinations, phrasemes vs idioms.

Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s «The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language» and their Russian equivalents in O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ and ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.Motivation and variability of word combinations.

2.Free phrases versus phraseological units. Criteria and difficulties of differentiation.

3.Types of phraseological units. Classifications and their evaluation.

4.Linguistic laws of Ph Us formation. Activity of words and syntactic patterns .

5.Contrastive study of phraseology. Common sources as the foundation for equivalent phraseological units. Socio-cultural properties of phraseological units.

Questions and Tasks

1.Analyze the following word combinations and comment on their meaning and variability of the components: settle the future of the country, shake hands on(over) the bargain, shut the stable door after the horse is stolen, sink or swim, speak of the devil and he is sure to appear, wait for the postman, for a friend, for the train, for instructions.

2.Classify the following phraseological units using

a)the semantic criterion,

b)the contextual criterion,

c)the functional criterion

drenched to the bone, a break in the clouds, creditors have better memories than debtors, good egg, odd egg, put all one‟s eggs in one basket, green sugar, separate the husk from the grain, Attic salt, awkward door, get the axe, to lick the boots, draw the long bow, break bread with smb, shoot the bull.

Recommended Reading

I. Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. – С .153 –164.

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. 127 – 140.

3.Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 71 – 83, 99 – 100.

4.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 166 – 176.

Topic 6 . The Structure of the English Lexicon

Key words: seme, semantic feature (atomic predicate), semantic marker, semantic distinguisher, semantic (lexical) field, lexico-semantic group, thematic group,lexical paradigm, semantic taxonomy, synonym, antonym, Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s «The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language» and their Russian equivalents in O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ and ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.Semantic features as the basis for semantic relations within the vocabulary: semantic markers vs semantic distinguishers.

2.Types of sense relations: paradigmatic, syntagmatic, hierarchical and the notion of a semantic field.

3.Variants of paradigmatic relations and their logical foundation:

a)synonymy: identity or near-identity of denotation,

b)hyponymy-hyperonymy: inclusion,