методология / haritonchik / Leksikologiq_(seminary)

7.Ullmann S. Language and Style. - In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology)

C.С. Хидекель, Р.З.Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – P. 9 – 25.

8.Ullmann S. Semantics . An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. - In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology) C.С. Хидекель, Р.З.Гинзбург, Г.Ю.

Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – P. 26 – 34.

9.Crystal D. Linguistics. Major Themes in Linguistics. Semantics. - In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998.- P.4 - 6

10.Nilsen Don L.F., Nilsen Aleen Pace. Semantic Theory: A Linguistic Perspective. - In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998.- P. 6 - 22.

11.Cruse D.A. Lexical Semantics. A Contextual Approach to Lexical Semantics.- In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998.- P.23 - 27.

12.Leech G. Semantics. Seven Types of Meaning. - In: In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998.- P.28 - 41.

13.Palmer F.L. Semantics: a new outline. – M.: Vysshaja Skola, 1982.

14.Allan K. Linguistic Meaning. – Vol. I. – L., N.Y., 1986.

Seminar 2. The Semantic Structure of the Word

Key words: semantic (lexical) ambiguity, semantic derivation, polysemy, homonymy, lexico-semantic variation, semantic processes: metaphor, metonymy, extension (generalization, broadening), restriction (specialization, narrowing) amelioration (elevation), perjoration (deterioration), epidigmatic ties, context.

Study the definitions of the terms given above in D. Crystal‘s ‗The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language‘ and their equivalents in O.S. Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистических терминов‘, ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.Semantic derivation: its causes, types and functions.

2.Semantic ambiguity: polysemy vs homonymy. Criteria and linguistic frequency.

3.Semantic processes:

a)based on the change of denotation: metaphoric, metonymic transfers; extension (generalization, broadening), restriction (specialization, narrowing) of meaning;

b)based on the change of connotation: amelioration (elevation) and perjoration (deterioration) of meaning.

4. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word:

a)patterned polysemy of English words,

b)types of meanings within the semantic structure of a polysemantic word,

c)semantic relations within the semantic structure of a polysemantic word, and their types,

d)arrangement of meanings within the semantic structure of a polysemantic word: radial and chain structures.

5.Polysemy and context.

6.The semantic structures of correlative words.

Questions and Tasks

1. Find examples of semantic ambiguity within the English lexicon and define its role within the system.

2.Study the meanings of the following English forms: charge, diamond, leaves, mark, plane, tract and define the type of semantic ambiguity. State your reasons in qualifying them as polysemantic or homonymous words.

3.Study the semantic processes that have resulted in the lexico-semantic variants of the ollowing English words:

a)eye n, front n, pickle n, round n, scorpion n, scout n, slight a, think v, civil a, crack v, cream n, crooked a, master n;

b)doctor n, cat n, caste n, cure v, curator n, evidence n, meal n;

c)meat n, merchant n, noble a, pledge n, script n, refrain v;

d)scrivener n, spinster n, flaw n, silly a, lady n, queen n, pedagogue (n),miss

(n);

e)nice a, serve v, lady n, penthouse n, minister n, pulpit n.

Find examples of various types of semantic derivation.

4. Analyze the semantic relationship between meanings of the words creation, moulding ; rubber, iron ; lamb, chicken and find other examples of patterned polysemy in English. Compare the patterns of regular polysemy in English to the patterns in Byelorussian (Russian, French, German…).

5.Study the semantic structures of the following polysemantic nouns in English and define the types of their constituent meanings: hall, hand, mess, road, sea. Speak on the arrangement of meanings within the semantic structures of the given words.

Find your own examples of radial, chain and mixed-type semantic structures of polysemantic words in English.

6.Discuss the ways of solving semantic ambiguity and give contexts in which different meanings of the following English words become transparent: run v, charge v, chair n, must v, leg n, language n, gold n.

7.Compare the semantic structures of the English words given above to those of their Byelorussian (Russian, French, German…) equivalents.

4.Homonymy and context.

Questions and Tasks

1.Compare the semantic relations between meanings of the following English forms and say whether they are meanings of polysemantic or homonymous words: blind, ear, heavy, mount, pen, point.

2.Study the etymology of the words poker 1 ‗stiff metal rod with handle, for poking fire‘; poker 2 ‗card-game for two or more persons‘; read ‗interpret mentally‘, mean ‗‘

3.Say on what the following puns are based: Why is a girl like a hinge? - Because she is something to adore.

Recommended Reading

I. Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. – C. –

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. –.

3.Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – С. –.

4.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – С. –.

Topic 4. STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH WORD

Seminar 1. The morphemic structure of the English word

Key words: morph – allomorph – morpheme, root(radical), affix, inflexion, paradigm, stem, immediate аnd ultimate constituents, monomorphic and polymorphic words. Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s «The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language» . – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996 and their Russian equivalents in

O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ – М.: Изд-во ‗Советская энциклопедия‘, 1969; ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘ – М.: ‗Советская энциклопедия‘

Problems for Discussion

1.Morphology as the study of language forms. Inflexional vs Derivational Morphology.

2.Morphology within generative grammar.

3.The speaker – hearer approach to the analysis of the word structure: morphemics vs word formation.

4.The morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit. Principles and methods of morphemic analysis.

5.Difficulties of segmentation and classification of morphemes. Possible solutions.

6.Morphemic types of English words and their role in the lexicon and speech.

Questions and Tasks

1.Study the following word forms and say whether they are analyzable into smaller meaningful segments: quickness, temptation, walked, asks, smiling, morphology, learner, learners. Say on what grounds their segmentability is based.

2.Comment on the lexical and structural(syntactic) types of meaning of the constituent elements of the given words.

3.State on what basis the borderline between inflexional and derivational morphology can be drawn. Comment on the moot problems of their differentiation.

4.Say for what purposes the segmentation of words is carried out. Give examples of the hearer‘s segmentation strategies.

5.Analyze the following words: readability, affection, telepathy, explain, confuse, horrid, bilberry, hammock, roommate, cardiac and name their ultimate constituents. Dwell on the procedure of your analysis. Find your own examples of words the morphemic segmentation of which is problematic. Give your solutions.

6.Name the source of difficulties in the morphemic analysis of the following English words: raspberry, happy, English, complain, understand, kneel. Find your own examples of analogous cases.

Comment on the morphemic types of the following English words: postcard, reexamination,spriteliness, unrecognizableness, seedcake, geometry, optionalize, multilayer, multidisciplinary, laryngotracheobronchitis.

Recommended Reading

I. Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. – C. 77 – 107.

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. 23 – 25, 89 –114.

3.Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – С.48 – 70.

4.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 110 – 148.

5.Readings in Modern English Lexicology. /С.С.Хидекель, Р.С. Гинзбург,

Г.Ю.Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях.– С. 86 –116.

6.Кубрякова Е.С. Основы морфологического анализа. М.: Наука, 1974. – С.

118 – 131.

7.Spencer A. Morphological theory. – Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. – P. 3

– 61.

8.Anderson S. A- Morphous Morphology. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. — P. 7 – 72.

Seminar 2. Word Formation

Key words: derivative relations, simplexes, complex (derived) words, derivational (underlying) base, productivity, activity, creativity, word-formation pattern, affixation, compounding, conversion. Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s ‗The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language‘ and their Russian equivalents in O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ and ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.Word formation as a derivational process. Its function and role in the processes of verbalization.

2.Principles and units of word formation. Derivational bases (stems), devices and patterns.

3.Derivational potential of the lexicon. Activity, productivity and creativity as different aspects of the derivational potential of the lexicon.

4.Word formation and language acquisition.

Questions and Tasks

1.Dwell on the role of word formation in the processes of verbalization. Compare the use of word formation to that of borrowing. Take into account the following statistics: of 6000 new English items given in the supplement to Webster‘s Third

New International Dictionary of the English Language 199 are borrowed, 1443 are formed by affixation, 1365 by compounding, 179 are shortenings, 26 are back formations, 97 are functional shifts, etc. (see for details G. Cannon. 6000 words/ Language, vol.54, No 2, 1978. – P. 446 – 448).

2.Name the derivational bases of the following complexes and say what changes they have undergone in the processes of derivation: humanity, snowflake, blueeyed, four-wheeler, smog, T-shirt, aircraft-carrier,doc, UNESCO, televise. Find analogous examples of your own.

3.Compare the morphemic and derivational structure of the following words: comradeship, vet, BBC, wildanimal-tamer, eligibility, prep, maths, V-day, lemonsqueezer, weekender, instruct. Write the patterns of the derivatives within the list if possible.

4.Compare the derivational potential of the words animal, wolf, dog, cangaroo; man, woman, person, agent, teacher, student; friendliness, beauty, significance. Comment on the parameters which influence the derivational potential of words.

5.Write in part-of-speech symbols the patterns of the following words: differentiation, antivirus, coinage, nuclear physicist, exceptionality.

6.Give examples of recently coined words and say how they were formed.

7.Compare the patterns of the following English words with those of their Russian equivalents: builder, antiwar, humanity, brotherhood, bearish, yellowish, cleverness. Name the correlative patterns in both the languages.

Recommended Reading

I. Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. – C. 77 – 107.

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. 23 – 25, 89 – 114.

3.Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 48 – 70.

4.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 110 – 148.

5.Readings in Modern English Lexicology. /С.С.Хидекель, Р.С. Гинзбург,

Г.Ю.Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – С. 86 –116.

6.Кубрякова Е.С. Основы морфологического анализа. – М.: Наука, 1974. –

С. 118 – 131.

7.Spencer A. Morphological theory. – Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. – P. 3

– 61.

8.Anderson S. A- Morphous Morphology. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. — P. 7 – 72.

Seminar 3. Major and Minor Ways of English Word Formation

3a. Affixation.

Key words: derivational affix, suffix, prefix, derivational (underlying ) base, selectional rule , steps (degrees ) of derivation, native and Neo-Latin bases of affixation, word formation affixal field, semi-affix, morphonological change.

Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s ‗The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language‘ and their Russian equivalents in

O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ and ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.The derivational status of an affix. Derivational vs inflectional morphology. Problems and solutions.

2.Derivation on the native and neo-Latin bases in present-day English.

3.Selectional rules and derivational affixal patterns.

4.Productivity and activity of affixal derivational patterns.

5.Affixal word formation fields.

6.Correlative word formation fields and patterns in English and Byelorussian (Russian, German, French...) languages.

Questions and Tasks

1.Study the following words and say in which of them the affix is a derivational one: redeem, redefine, ardent, dependent, educator, alligator, harmonious, vivacious, intake, inspect, desurface, destroy, appreciative, derogative. Find your own examples of analogous words.

2.Study the following pairs of words and group them. Define the difference between the groups: create –creation, eliminate – elimination, dominate – domination, farm – farming, clean – cleaning, question – questioning, polite – politeness, separate – separateness, persuade – persuasive, submit – submissive.

Comment on the etymology of the derivational affixes used in the above given derivatives and on the way of borrowing affixes.

3.Write down the derivational formulae of the following words: unpretentiousness, malodorousness, trades-unionist, nuclear-physicist, desynonymize, misappreciation, unpleasantness .Use two ways of notation.

4.Analyze the derivational structure of the following words and say how many steps of derivation they have undergone: indisputableness, unknowableness, irresponsiveness, unseaworthyness, theatricalization, revitalization,

dehydrogenizer, librarianess, petticoatless. Find your own examples of words of 1-st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. degrees of derivation.

5.Study the rows of derivatives with the affixes re-, un-, non-, anti-, -er, -ism, - able, -ish, -like, -ed. Use dictionaries, including the reverse ones, for the purpose.

6.Comment on the phonological, morphological, semantic properties of derivational bases with which the affixes re-, un-, non-, anti-, -er, -ism, -able, - ish, -like, -ed go into combination.

7.Give examples of productive, semi-productive and non-productive derivational patterns in present-day English word-formation.

8.Give examples of active and non-active affixal patterns in present-day English word-formation.

9.Name the English affixes of negation, resemblance, state and quality. Find the correlative affixes in Byelorussian, Russian, German, French, etc.

10.Compare the groups of derivatives with the English suffixes -er, -ist, -an and other agentive suffixes with the groups of derivatives with the Russian agentive suffixes -тель, -ник, -арь, -щик and others. Comment on their differences and similarities

Recommended Reading

I. Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. – C. 87 – 107.

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – P. 95 – 114.

3.Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 102 – 114.

4.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – С. 149 – 165.

5.Readings in Modern English Lexicology. /С.С.Хидекель, Р.С. Гинзбург,

Г.Ю.Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях.– С. 86 –166.

3b. CONVERSION

Key words: zero derivation, conversion, functional change (shift), root formation, non-affixal word formation, morphological paradigm, direction of derivation, semantic relations. Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s ‗The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language‘ and their Russian equivalents in O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ and ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘.

Problems for Discussion

1.Love – to love, to run - a run: A way of derivation or a functional shift?

2.The definition of the derivation device in various theories: zero-derivation, nonaffixal word formation, conversion, morphological, syntactic, morphologicalsyntactic way of word formation.

3.The domain of zero derivation and its results: adjectivization, substantivization, occasional conversion, root formation.

4.Derivative relations and criteria of their directionality.

5.Semantic relations in conversion pairs and their propositional basis.

Questions and Tasks

1.Сompare the wordforms given below and say morphological paradigms of what words they are members of: (a bottle‟s) cork – cork (the bottle), (an initial) step – initial (the memo),(a grey) wig – wig (the actress), (an old) tree – tree (the avenue), ( long) marches – (the soldiers) marched.

2.Compare the following derivative verbs and define the difference in the way they were coined: jail (the prisoner) – imprison (the thief), hospitalize (the patient)

– volunteer (the information). Find analogous examples.

3.Analyze the morphemic structure of the following verbs and name the shortcomings of the root formation theory: wallpaper the wall, spraypaint the door, tar-and-feather the prisoner, tea-cosy the pot, sidetrack the detective. Find your own examples of verbs of similar structure.

4.Study the relations between words in the following pairs and say which of them is the basic one and which is derived: rake n – rake v, farm n – farm v, tail n – tail v, bicycle n – bicycle v, show n – show v, answer n – answer v, mature adj – mature v, gossip n – gossip v, wet adj – wet v, clean adj – clean v, drive n – drive v. Name the criteria you have used .

5.Find examples of verbs derived from nouns which have the following types of meaning: cover (as in carpet the floor, varnish the furniture), deprive of cover (as in skin the rabbit, shell the peanuts), locate (as in ground the planes, shelter the fugitives), act as an agent or an experiencer (as in nurse the patient, shepherd the sheep , witness the accident), act as an instrument (nail the board, mouth the words, plane the wood smooth).

6.Define the semantic relations in the following pairs of words: catch v – catch n, rub v – rub n, say v – say n, drive v – drive n, find v – find n, run v – run n, ride v – ride n. Find analogous examples.

7.Analyze the structural and semantic properties of the following words and explain why the formation of verbs on their basis is not welcome: baker, farmer, banker, driver, hospital, Dodge, Ford, spring, fall (autumn), Fourth-of-July, Saturday. Find your own examples of unwelcome verbs and nouns.

8.Analyze the structure semantics of Russian verbs лопатить, утюжить, партизанить, German nouns Leben, Bad, Gaehnen.Find analogous examples in the languages you know and say what type of derivation they represent.