методология / haritonchik / Leksikologiq_(seminary)

СONTENTS

List of abbreviations

Topic 1. The English Vocabulary as the Object of Research....

Topic 2. The Etymology of the English Lexicon.

Topic 3. Semantics (Semasiology)

Seminar 1. Meaning. Its Essence and Structure

Seminar 2. The Semantic Structure of the Word

Seminar 3. Homonymy

Topic 4. Structure of the English word

Seminar 1. The morphemic structure of the English word Seminar 2. Word Formation

Seminar 3. Major and Minor Ways of English Word Formation

3a. Affixation.

3b Conversion

3c Word composition

Topic 5. WORD-COMBINABILITY. ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY Seminar 1. Combinability of words and context

Seminar 2. English Phraseology

Topic 6 . The Structure of the English Lexicon

(English Vocabulary as a System).

Topic 7. The Etymology of the English Vocabulary.

Topic 8. Variants and Dialects of the English Language.

Topic 9. Lexicography.

Topic 10. Methods of lexicological research.

Recommended Literature

List of terms

Topic 1

The English Vocabulary as the Object of Research

Key words: lexicon (vocabulary, word-stock, lexis), dictionary, lexicology, word, lexeme, morpheme, sentence, production/reproduction, arbitrariness, motivation, naming (verbalization, lexicalization). Study the definitions of the terms given above in D.Crystal‘s «The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language». –

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 and their Russian equivalents in

O.S.Akhmanova‘s ‗Словарь лингвистичeских терминов‘ – М.:‗Советская энциклопедия‘, 1969; and in ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘ – М.: ‗Советская энциклопедия‘, 1990.

Problems for Discussion

1.Lexicology: a myth or reality. The object and the subject matter of lexicology.

2.Lexical units: their properties and specific features.

3.The description of the lexicon in generative grammar.

4.The function of lexical units. Naming (verbalization, lexicalization) processes: causes, ways, types and results.

5.Motivated versus non-motivated lexical units.

6.The Word – Why? Why is the word a necessary condition of language?

Questions and Tasks

1.Compare all the linguistic elements and say whether they possess any features in common. Classify the following units of the English language on the basis of their common properties into lexical and non-lexical ones: [t], pen-man-ship, take up the glove, feather, [a:], They talked for a while as darkness fell on the forest: - ion, cloud,- ment, Dark Continent, [au_], (there are) no flies on him.

Find your own examples of lexical and non-lexical units.

2.Comment on two-facet and productive /reproductive character of phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, sentences and their speech correlatives.

3.Name causes that bring about the need for a new name and find examples of new words and word combinations that have come into the English lexicon since the 70-ies.

4.Analyze the following lexical units: moolah n (sl.) ‗money‘, movie ‗moving picture‘, schnapps, loo, sound-film, spik ‗Spanish American, esp. Mexican‘, Planck (Planck‟s constant) ‗fundamental constant proportionality between energy and frequency of quouta of electromagnetic radiation‘, powercrat and discuss the factors that have caused their appearance in the English language and the way they have been coined.,

5.Define the type of naming realized in the following lexical units: foot, football, moonlight, race ‗class of persons, etc. with some common feature‘, request,

thick-1 ‗of great or specified depth (between opposite surface)‘, broad‘; 3 ‗stupid, dull (of voice) muffled, indistinct‘, through thick and thin.

6.Define the way of naming used and the type of motivation in the following lexical units: whisper ‗speak without vibration of vocal chords‘, glass ‗glass utensils ornaments, windows, green house(s); glass vessel esp. for drinking‘, happiness ‗state of being happy‘, twitter ‗utter light tremulous sounds‘, recording ‗process of recording, sound, etc. for later reproduction‘, horn ‗thing made of horn; drinking vessel, powder-flask, made of horn‘, hiccup ‗make involuntary spasms of respiratory organs…‘, hidalgo ‗Spanish gentleman‘, Labour Day ‗celebrated in honour of workers, esp. 1 May or first Monday in September‘, Kremlin ‗ citadel within Russian town, esp. that of Moscow‘, the Kremlin ‗the Russian Government‘

7.Say whether there is any correlation between the naming technique used in the process of verbalization and the type of motivation in lexical units.

Compare the examples given above with their Byelorussian (Russian, French, German, etc.) equivalents and say whether you can observe in them the same naming technique and type of motivation. Try to find an explanation of the differences observed.

8.Compare English words with their Byelorussian, Russian, French, German, etc. equivalents and state their phonological, morphological, syntactic and other similarities and differences.

Recommended Reading

1.Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. Изд. 3-е – М. : Высшая школа, 1986. – C. 9 – 26

2.Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology – M. : Higher School Publishing House, 1979. – P. 5

– 11

3.Смирницкий А.И.. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Изд-во литературы на иностр. языках, 1959. – С. 5 – 47.

4.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 1992. – С. 5– 26.

5.Языковая номинация (Общие вопросы). – М.: Наука, 1977.

6.Языковая номинация (Виды наименований). – М.: Наука, 1977.

7.Weinreich U. Soviet and East European Linguistics. Current Trends in Linguistics. In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology) C.С. Хидекель,

Р.З.Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – Л.: Просвещение Ленинградское отделение. 1969. - P. 6 - 8.

8.Quirk R. The Use of English. - In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology.

C.С. Хидекель, Р.З.Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – Л.: «Просвещение» Ленинградское отделение. 1969. – P.56– 62 .

9.Weinreich U. Languages in Contact. – In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998. – P. 61– 65

10.Spencer A. Morphological Theory. An Introduction to Word Structure in Generative Grammar. – Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. Ch. 1,2 of Part I. P. 3 - 61.

11.Beard R. The Indo-European Lexicon.

Topic 2. The ETYMOLOGY of The ENGLISH LEXICON

Topic 7. ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH LEXICON

Key words: etymology, folk etymology, etymological doublets/triplets, native word, borrowing/borrowed word/ loan word(semantic borrowing, borrowing proper, oral, written/literary borrowing) loan translation, origin, source, assimilation (complete, partial) of borrowing, hybrid, barbarism, neologism, international words, translator‟s false friends. Study the definitions given below of the key words listed above. Also see: D. Crystal‘s ―The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language‖ (CEEL). – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, and ―The Oxford Dictionary of Current English (COD). –

Oxford University Press, 1982. Look up their Russian equivalents in O.S.

Akhmanova‘s «Словарь лингвистических терминов» – М.: ‗Советская энциклопедия‘, 1969; and in ‗Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь‘ – М.: ‗Советская энциклопедия‘, 1990.

Etymology : The study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. (CEEL).

Folk etymology: Altering an unfamiliar word to make it more familiar – (asparagus – sparrow grass); also called popular etymology. (CEEL).

Doublet: One of a pair, esp. one of two words of same derivation but different

sense (fashion and faction, cloak and clock). (COD).

Triplet: A group or set of three of one kind. (COD).

Native: Belonging to a person or thing by nature, innate, inherent, natural, … born in a place, indigenous, not exotic; of the natives of a place. (COD).

Native (first) language: The language first acquired as a child (mother tongue, native language), or preferred in a multilingual situation. (CEEL).

Borrow: To introduce a word (or some other linguistic feature) from one language or dialect into another; vocabulary borrowings are usually known as loan words. (CEEL).

Loan translation: A borrowed item in which the parts are translated separately into a new language , as in superman from German Übermensch; also called a calque. (CEEL).

Origin: Derivation, beginning or rising or coming from something, person‟s ancestry, source, starting point (a word of Latin origin; country of origin). (COD). Source language: A language from which a word or text is taken. (CEEL).

Assimilation: The influence exercised by one sound upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become more alike (ten in ten pounds becoming tem). (CEEL).

Hybrid: A word composed of elements from different languages (television, from Greek and Latin). (CEEL).

Barbarism: (Use of) word or action not in accordance with normal standards. (COD).

Problems for Discussion

1.Words of native origin (Indo-European, Germanic words). Their semantic and structural properties. Their derivational potential.

2.Borrowings in English. Causes of borrowing words from other languages. Types of borrowings.

3.The origin versus the source of borrowings. Etymological doublets/triplets. Folk etymology.

4.The ways and degrees of assimilation of loan words in English.

5.International words. Translator‘s false friends.

Questions and Tasks

1.Look up the origin of the words listed below in ―The Concise Oxford

Dictionary of Current English‖ (COD). – Oxford University Press, 1982.

Comment on the etymological characteristics of the words:

Atmosphere, company, door, fashion, horse, hundred, husband, kilt, parliament,

pneumonia, physician, summer, street, salmon.

2.Rearrange the loan words listed below into eight groups according to their source language: Arabic, Chinese, Dutch/Flemish, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish. Use the etymological information given in COD:

Barricade, boom, cannibal, caravan, cruise, delicatessen, frankfurter, guitar, giraffe, geisha, glasnost, hamburger, harem, icon, judo, ketchup, mosque, motto, noodle, perestroika, prima donna, quartz, sauerkraut, sketch, studio, tea, tornado, tsunami, violin, yacht.

Ангина – острое инфекционное заболевание, проявляющееся в воспалении нѐбных миндалин и слизистой оболочки зева

5. Inválid – not valid, esp. having no legal force

Инвалид – человек, утративший трудоспособность вследствие ранения,

увечья, болезни или старости

6. Receipt - fact or action of receiving or being received into person's hands or possession; amount of money etc. received

Рецепт – письменное предписание врача в аптеку о составе лекарства с указанием способа его применения

7. Solid – of stable shape, not liquid or fluid, having some rigidity, (solid food); of solid substance throughout, not hollow, without internal cavities

Солидный – прочный, надѐжный, основательный; заслуживающий доверия,

с установившейся репутацией, авторитетом

Recommended Reading

1.Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (практический курс). – Москва: Высшая школа, 1977. – с. 143 - 154

2.Cлепович В.С. Курс перевода. Английский – русский/Translation Course.

English – Russian. – Минск: Тетра Системс, 2004. – с. 15 – 26, 93 - 97

3.Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 1992. – с. 17 – 19

4.Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. Изд. 3-е – М.: Высшая школа, 1986. – с. 252-261