Recommended Reading. Obligatory:

1. Arnold I.V. The English Word/ И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. Изд. 3-е – М.: Высшая школа, 1986. – C. 27–50.

2. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology – M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1979. – P. 13-22.

3. Смирницкий А.И.. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Изд-во литературы на иностр. языках, 1959. – С. 138–157.

4. Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 1992. – С. 27–47.

4. Ullmann S. Language and Style. – In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology. C.С. Хидекель, Р.З.Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – Л.: «Просвещение» Ленинградское отделение. 1969. – P. 9–25.

5. Ullmann S. Semantics . An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. – In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology. C.С.Хидекель, Р.З.Гинзбург, Г.Ю.Князева, А.А.Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – Л.: «Просвещение» Ленинградское отделение. 1969. – P. 26–34.

6. Crystal D. Linguistics. Major Themes in Linguistics. Semantics. – In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998. – P.4 – 6.

7. Nilsen Don L.F., Nilsen Aleen Pace. Semantic Theory: A Linguistic Perspective. – In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998. – P. 6–22.

8. Cruse D.A. Lexical Semantics. A Contextual Approach to Lexical Semantics.- In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998. – P.23–27.

9. Leech G. Semantics. Seven Types of Meaning. – In: In: Texts on Lexical Semantics. Reader in English Lexicology. Minsk State Linguistic University, 1998. – P.28–41.

Optional:

1. Никитин М.В. Курс лингвистической семантики. – Санкт-Петербург: Изд-во РГПУ им. А.И.Герцена, 2007. – С. 6–10, 19–43.

2. Беляeвская Е.Г. Семантика слова. – М.: Высшая школа, 1987. – С. 4–55.

3. Palmer F.L. Semantics: a new outline. – M.: Vysshaja Skola, 1982. – P. 23–33.

4. Allan K. Linguistic Meaning. – Vol. I. – L., N.Y., 1986.

3.2. The Semantic Structure of the Word

Key words: semantic (lexical) ambiguity, semantic derivation, polysemy, homonymy, lexico-semantic variation, semantic processes: metaphor, metonymy, extension (generalization, broadening), restriction (specialization, narrowing) amelioration (elevation), perjoration (deterioration, degradation), epidigmatic ties, context.

Look up these terms in the glossary or in the sources indicated in the bibliography to the glossary. Compare the definitions given in English and in Russian.

Problems for Discussion

1. Semantic derivation: its causes, types and functions.

1. Semantic ambiguity: polysemy vs homonymy. Criteria and linguistic frequency.

2. Semantic processes:

a) based on the change of denotation: metaphoric, metonymic transfers; extension (generalization, broadening), restriction (specialization, narrowing) of meaning;

2. based on the change of connotation: amelioration (elevation) and perjoration (deterioration) of meaning.

3. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word:

a) patterned polysemy of English words,

b) types of meanings within the semantic structure of a polysemantic word,

c) semantic relations within the semantic structure of a polysemantic word, and their types,

d) arrangement of meanings within the semantic structure of a polysemantic word: radial and chain structures.

5. Polysemy and context.

6. The semantic structures of correlative words.