Recommended Reading Obligatory:

1. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (практический курс). – М.: Высшая школа, 1977. –С. 143–154.

2. Arnold I.V. The English Word / И.В. Арнольд. Лексикология современного английского языка. Изд. 3-е – М.: Высшая школа, 1986. –С. 252–261.

3. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology – M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1979. – Р. 160 – 175.

4. Hockett Charles F. A Сourse in Modern Linguistics. The Conditions for Borrowing. – In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology. С.С. Хидекель, Р.С. Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.А. Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – Л.: «Просвещение» Ленинградское отделение. 1969. – Р. 172 – 182.

5. Jespersen Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. – In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology. С.С. Хидекель, Р.С. Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.А. Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – Л.: «Просвещение» Ленинградское отделение. 1969. – Р. 191–192.

6. Leshchova L.M. Words in English. Modern English Lexicology/ Л.М. Лещёва. Слова в английском языке. Лексикология современного английского языка. – Минск, 2002. – С. 24, 26–35.

7. Sheard J.A. The Words We Use. – In: Readings in Modern English Lexicology. С.С. Хидекель, Р.С. Гинзбург, Г.Ю. Князева, А.А. Санкин. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. – Л.: «Просвещение» Ленинградское отделение. 1969. – Р. 183–190.

Optional:

1. Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка. – Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 1992. – С. 17–19.

Topic 3 Semantics (Semasiology)

3.1 Meaning. Its Essence and Structure

Key words: semantics, meaning, denotation, connotation, referent, extension, concept, intension, implication, meaning postulates, semantic components: markers and distinguishers, categorial and subcategorial features. Look up these terms in the glossary or in the sources indicated in the bibliography to the glossary. Compare the definitions given in English and in Russian.

Problems for Discussion

1. Semantic theories: various semantic models.

2. Interpretations of word meaning:

а) a referential approach,

2. a contextual (functional) approach,

2. a behaviouristic approach,

3. a cognitive approach (prototype theory),

4. a generative approach,

5. a semantic differentiation theory.

3. Types of meaning: a) lexical vs grammatical, b) conceptual (denotative, cognitive) vs connotative (pragmatic, associative), c) affective vs stylistic, d) intended vs interpreted, etc.

4. Meaning as structure:

a) meaning as a set of meaning postulates,

2. meaning as a set of semantic components,

3. meaning as a set of prototypical features,

4. meaning as a unity of pragmatic and cognitive elements ( extension, intension, implication, negative implication).

3. Meanings of correlative words in different languages (a contrastive description).

Questions and Tasks

1. Define the aspects of the word that make it possible to describe its meaning in various ways. Try to establish a correlation between the aspect of the word chosen for description and a semantic theory.

2. Say on what grounds each of the semantic models can be criticized.

3. Define the major points of difference between the referential and the contextual approaches to word meaning.

4. Compare the relationships between the form of the word and its referent, on the one hand, and meaning of the word and its referent, on the other. Say which of the relationships is arbitrary and which is causal. Try to find linguistic examples to prove your point.

5. Compare the referential approach to word meaning and the cognitive semantic model, the behaviouristic approach to word meaning and the semantic differentiation theory and state whether they possess any features in common and what differentiates them.

6. Say which semantic model is best suited, in your opinion, to learners’ purposes. What semantic theories are EFL teaching methods based on?

7. Compare the following word forms and say on what ground they can be classified into sets and subsets:

telephones, desks, paintings, curtains, men, books, students; asked, reflected, smiled, smoked, told, wished, brought; happiest, bravest, best, most interesting;

smell, scent, odour, aroma; intelligent, clever, alert, quick-witted, bright, smart, brainy, sharp, shrewd, canny; goal, jail, clink, trunk, jug, can, cooler; head, nob, nut, bean, upper storey, belfry, crumpet.

8. Describe the meaning of the words writer, student, water, salt, cow, bull, mare, stallion in terms of semantic components.

9. Study the meanings of words bird, heron, sparrow, swallow and name the constituent prototypical features.

10. Study the meanings of correlative English and Byelorussian (Russian, German, French, etc.) words red – чырвоны (R. красный, G. rot…), dog – сaбака (R. собака, G. Hund…), make – рабiць, (R. делать,G. machen…) and state whether their spheres of denotation are identical. Find your own examples of analogous semantic relationships in correlative words.