Grammatika_sovremennogo_angliyskogo_y
.pdfe.g. a) Do you know these people? This is Harry Field, my coach, and this is Jake Spring, the producer.
Take this pear. It looks very ripe.
"Look at this," he said and showed me his tie.
When he stopped talking, she wondered, "Why is he telling me all this?"
"Maybe you don't want to go to this party," he asked hoping she would say "no".
b) Do you see those houses in the distance? That's where we are going.
Is that your son?
They ate the pie and drank the coffee in silence. When they had finished, Delany said, "Now I'll have that cigar you offered me."
He was deaf but she didn't think that many people noticed that.
The pronouns this (these) and that (those) may also have other applications.
1) In some cases this (these) may refer to what is to follow, that (those) to what precedes.
e.g. After I've listened to you very attentively I'll tell you this —
I don't think you should trust the man.
But I ' m glad to see you have an interest in sports. That means we have two things in common.
2) This (these) and that (those) are often used with nouns indicating time. This (these) is used for time which is future or just past. That (those) is used for time which is clearly past.
e.g. "Why don't you come and see me some time?" "How about this Sunday, if it's convenient?"
Father had to go to Chicago this morning.
I remember that he woke up early that morning.
She looked flushed and well, although she had a heart attack that summer.
3) Sometimes the use of this (these) and that (those) is emotionally coloured. The kind of feeling implied (affection, vexation, disgust, contempt, etc.) depends on the situation.
e.g. Will this dog ever stop barking?
Do you really believe in those ideas? When will you stop trumping that piano? He is one of those so-called modern poets.
4) The pronoun that (those) may be used instead of a noun already mentioned. It is called a prop-word in this case,
e.g. He found it easier to believe that her actions were those of a
spoilt girl.
He hung his daughter's portrait beside that of his wife's. These poems are not so good as those written by you last
year.
I entered by the door opposite to that opening into the gar-
den.
She was a good teacher. She knew how to teach bright children and those who were slow.
I was interested to learn that the cafe was the same that we had visited five years before.
As is seen from the above examples, that (those) in this case is
"That is?" "People imagine it's a revenge." (' ?'
?')
Let's leave it at that, (' '; '
')
So that's that, (' '; ' ')
I told you before, I won't do it, and that's that, (' ') That settles it. (' .')
What were you doing down there, or what was I doing there for that matter? (' , ')
Note. Note that English people speaking of their country say this country whereas in Russian it would be .
§ 14. The demonstrative pronoun such may mean of this or that kind (a) or indicate degree (b). Such is followed by the indefinite article before singular countable nouns.
e.g. a) If I were you I would not have said such a thing about him. He was a silent, ambitious man. Such men usually succeed. Such is the present state of things.
The position of Dan Crusher was such that he was welcome in any club,
b)He is such a bore.
He wrote such desperate letters to me that year.
The meaning of such is often completed by a clause of consequence introduced by that or a phrase introduced by as.
e.g. I had such a busy morning that I had no time to call you up-
He cut such an absurd figure that I felt inclined to laugh. I never saw such a handsome man as Jim's father.
Mr Clark was afraid that his promotion would never come because there was such a thing, he said, as junior clerks
trying to draw attention to themselves.
Such may be followed by an infinitive with as.
e.g. His carelessness is such as to make it unlikely that he will pass his examination.
Note that such may be combined with some indefinite pronouns.
e.g. I'll do no such thing.
He didn't say any such thing.
Any such request is sure to be turned down.
On every such occasion dozens of people get injured. Some such story was told to me years ago.
§ 15- Such is sometimes found as part of set phrases. Here are some of them:
e.g. They export a lot of fruit, such as oranges, lemons, etc. (= for example ' , ')
His education, such as it was, was finished by the time he was fifteen, (' ')
My services, such as they are, are at your disposal, ('
')
John is the captain of the team, and, as such, he is to decide what is to be done, (' ')
§ 16. The demonstrative pronoun same means 'identical'. It is always preceded by the definite article.
I was terrified that some disaster was waiting for me.
I had been playing cricket with some of the neighbouring children.
The visitor asked me to describe some of the work we do in our laboratory.
Some, used with a singular countable noun, may mean 'a particular but unidentified person or thing'.
e.g. Some boy had written a Latin word on the blackboard. We must first think of some plan.
Some is very often used for contrast. Then it is strongly stressed. e.g. I enjoy some music, but not much of it.
Some of us agree with the statement, some disagree. Some may also mean 'approximately',
e.g. It happened some twenty years ago.
When used as a noun pronoun, some may be singular or plural. It depends on whether some refers to countable or uncountable nouns.
e.g. Some of his opinions were hard to accept. Some of the food was packed in waterproof bags.
As a rule, some is used in affirmative sentences (see the examples above). In interrogative and negative sentences it is changed into any or no (see §§ 20-21 below). However, there are instances when some remains unchanged in interrogative and negative sentences. It happens when the question or negation does not concern the part of the sentence containing some, i.e. when the part of the sentence containing some remains affirmative in meaning.
e.g. May I give you some more tea?
I could not answer some of his questions.
Did you see some of his poems published in the magazine? I'm going away for a week. So I shan't be able to see some interesting games.
Not all your answers are correct. Some are, some aren't. You know some women can't see the telephone without taking the receiver off.
§ 20. The pronoun any is also used as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. In affirmative sentences any means 'it does not matter who, what or which'.
e.g. Come any day you like.
I was interested in any new prospect of change.
Any who have questions to ask are requested to do so in writing.
"Which newspaper do you want me to buy?" "Any will do." Her voice carried well in any hall.
Note. Any number of is a set phrase, meaning 'a great many',
e.g. I have any number of plants in my garden.
In interrogative and negative sentences any is used instead of some.
e.g. Is there any chance of seeing any of his pictures? I did not see any change in his life.
paint him.
My mother wanted me to give more money to the fund than anyone in the form.
Is there anyone at home?
No one was in a hurry. No one seemed to think that tomorrow existed.
I found my mother in the kitchen. There was no one else at
home.
Somebody must have been using my books. They've got all misplaced on the shelf.
Anybody can see that the whole thing has been a failure. Did you meet anybody on your way home?
Nobody can help him under the circumstances.
The compounds in -one and in -body can have the form of the genitive case.
e.g. He isn't going to be in anybody's way at this hour of the night. Did you take anybody's photograph at the party?
Note. When the compounds in -one and in -body are followed by else, the genitive case suffix -'s is added after else.
e.g. That's not my hat. It's somebody else's.
The difference between the compounds in -body and those in — one is that the latter are, as a rule, more individualizing, i.e. the compounds in -body refer to persons collectively, whereas those in
one refer to individuals.
Cf. Somebody is sure to get interested in the job. (=some people,
one or more persons)
This is a letter from someone interested in the job. (=some person, one person)
Nobody knew about her arrival. (= no people) No one had come to meet her. (= not a person)
As a result, the compounds in -body are never followed by an of-phrase, while the compounds in -one sometimes are.
e.g. Does anyone of you correspond with her family?
The compounds in -thing can be used only of things. They are also singular in meaning but they cannot have the form of the genitive case.
e.g. There is something wrong with him.
We were almost outside our house before I took in that something was not right.
"Why don't you say something?" he demanded. I'll do anything for you.
"Is there anything in the paper?" he said, as we approached the end of our silent meal.
Nothing could remove his disappointment.
The doctor could suggest nothing to me. (= The doctor could not suggest anything to me.)
He looked at me and didn't say anything. Dirk never concealed anything.
Let me see your pictures. If there's anything I like, I'll buy it. Note the idiomatic use of something in the following sen-
e.g. He is not one to be easily frightened. He is not one to fall for her charms.
One who paints ought to know a lot about perspective. There was a look in his eyes of one used to risking his life. Do you want to be the one to spoil all that?
3) One is often used for contrast with other, in which case it preserves some of its numerical meaning.
e.g. The brothers are so alike that I sometimes cannot tell one from the other.
By the way, here are the two duplicate keys to the gate — I'll take one, the other key you'd better keep yourself.
She smiled as one intellectual to another.
According to Jim, life was one damn thing after another.
4) One, in combination with nouns denoting time, is used to express some vague time.
e.g. One day he'll understand his mistake. I'll speak to him one of these days.
One Friday night my mother and father talked for a long time alone.
One summer evening I went for a stroll in the park. 5) One is used with the meaning of 'only' or 'single'.
e.g. Your father is the one man who can help you now. This is the one thing we can feel certain about. This is the one way to do it.
No one man can do it.
6) Last but not least, one is used as a prop-word, i.e. as a substitute for a previously mentioned noun. It helps to avoid the repetition of the same noun.
e.g. Trams were passing us, but my father was not inclined to take one.
Will you show me your pictures? I might feel like buying one.
If the prop-word one is preceded by an adjective, an article must be used with it.
e.g. No, that's not their car. Theirs is a blue one.
The new vicar was less cultivated than the old one. The prop-word one can be used in the plural.
e.g. I prefer red roses to white ones.
"Which biscuits would you like?" "The ones with chocolate on them."
The prop-word one (ones) may also be used in combination with other pronouns, such as this (these), that (those), which, each, every and other as well as ordinal numerals (e.g. first, second, etc.). e.g. If you will take this chair, I'll take that one.
I've never seen such big tulips as these ones.
Here are some books for you to read. Which one would you choose?
There were several houses in the street, each one more expensive than the other.
If you don't like this magazine, take another one. My house is the first one on the left.
There are certain restrictions on the use of the prop-word one: