10. Word-structure. Morphemic analysis of Eng words.

A structural word-formation analysis studies the structural correlation with other words, the structural rules on which words are built. 80% of words are not simple from the morphemic point of view. They consist of some morphemes.

The complex word structure is accounted by such factors as:

-word formation (boy-boyish=affixation)

-borrowing (anxious, tremulous)

2 types of analysis:

-morphemic

-derivational

All words according to the number their morphemes can be classified as:

-monomorphic:

-polymorphic:

- prefixal(overstudy)

- suffixal(teacher)

- prefixal-suffixal(superteacher)

-monoradical (with 1 root)

-polyradical (2 and more roots)

The aim of morph analysis is to state the type and number of the morphemes; by the type we mean prefixes, suffixes, combined forms, free/bound roots.

Requirements: we break the unit into 2 meaningful items and their some meaning must correlate with the main meaning.

-immediate constituents

-ultimate constituents

Difficulties:

-unique morphemes (cranberry, gooseberry, strawberry, blackberry, hamlet)

-pseudo morphemes (receive, perceive, deceive)

Types of word-segmentability:

-complete segmentability (segmentation into morphemes does not cause any doubt for structural or semantic reasons: teach-er, work-er)

-conditional segmentability (segmentatiom is doubtful for semantic reasons, as the segments(pseudo-morphemes) regularly occur)

-defective segmentability (segmentation is doubtful for structural reasons because one of the components (a unique morpheme) has a specific lex meaning but seldom /never occurs in other words

11. Derivational analyses.

The nature, type and arrangement of the ICs of the word is known as its derivative structure. According to the derivative structure all words fall into two big classes: simple, non-derived words and complexes or derivatives. Simplexes are words which derivationally cannot’ be segmented into ICs. Derivatives are words which depend on some other simpler lexical items that motivate them structurally and semantically, i.e. the meaning and the structure of the derivative is understood through the comparison with the meaning and the structure of the source word.

The basic elementary units of the derivative structure of words are: derivational bases, derivational affixes and derivational patterns. The relations between words with a common root but of different derivative structure are known as derivative relations. The derivative and derivative relations make the subject of study at the derivational level of analysis; it aims at establishing correlations between different types of words, the structural and semantic patterns words are built on, the study also enables one to understand how new words appear in the language.

Derivational base: is defined as the constituent to which a rule of word-formation is applied. Structurally derivational bases fall into three classes: 1) bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degrees of complexity, e.g. dutiful, dutifully; day-dream, to day-dream, daydreamer.

Derivationally the stems may be:

1. simple, which consist of only one, semantically non motivated constituent (pocket, motion, retain, horrible).

b) derived stems are semantically and structurally motivated, and are the results of the application of word-formation rules (girl – girlish, to weekend, to daydream)

c) compound stems are always binary and semantically motivated (match-box, letter-writer)

2) bases that coincide with word-forms; e.g. paper-bound, unsmiling, unknown. This class of bases is confined to verbal word-forms — the present and the past participles.

3) bases that coincide with word-grоups of different degrees of stability, e ,g. second-rateness, flat-waisted, etc. This class is made of word-groups. Bases of this kind are most active with derivational affixes in the class of adjectives and nouns, e.g. blue-eyed, long-fingered, old-fashioned, do-gooder, etc.

Derivational affixes: Derivational affixes are ICs of numerous derivatives in all parts of speech. Derivational affixes possess two basic functions: 1) that of stem-building and 2) that of word-building. In most cases derivational affixes perform both functions simultaneously. It is true that the part-of-speech meaning is proper in different degrees to the derivational suffixes and prefixes. It stands out clearly in derivational suffixes but it is less evident in prefixes; some prefixes lack it altogether. Prefixes like en-, un-, de-, out-, be-, unmistakably possess the part-of-speech meaning and function as verb classifiers. The prefix over-evidently lacks the part-of-speech meaning and is freely used both for verbs and adjectives, the same may be said about non-, pre-, post-.

Derivational patterns: A derivational pattern is a regular meaningful arrangement, a structure that imposes rigid rules on the order and the nature of the derivational bases and affixes that may be brought together.

There are two types of DPs — structural that specify base classes and individual affixes, and structural-semantic that specify semantic peculiarities of bases and the individual meaning of the affix. DPs of different levels of generalisation signal: 1) the class of source unit that motivates the derivative and the direction of motivation between different classes of words; 2) the part of speech of the derivative; 3) the lexical sets and semantic features of derivatives.