- •1. Morphology and syntax as part of grammar. Units of grammar, their functions and types of relations between them in language and speech.
- •2. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •3. Structure of words. Grammatically relevant types of morphemes.
- •4. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition (a.I. Smirnitsky).
- •5. Parts of speech as lexico-grammatical classes of words. 3 principles of classifying words into parts of speech.
- •6. Morphological and syntactico-distributional classifications of words into parts of speech (h.Sweet, o.Jespersen, Ch. Fries.)
- •7. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •8. The category of number of the Engliss noun.
- •9. The category of case of the English noun.
- •10. The category of article determination.
- •11. Adjective. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •12. The category of tense.
- •13. The category of order.
- •14. The category of aspect.
- •15. The category of voice.
- •16. The category of mood.
- •17. The dual nature of non-finite forms of the verb. Morphological categories of verbals.
- •18. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of representation.
- •19. Phrase. Principles of classification (h.Sweet, o.Jespersen, l.Bloomfield)
- •20. Classification of phrases according to the types of syntactic relations between the constituents.
- •21. Predicativity. Predication. Constructions with secondary predication.
- •22. Syntactic structure of the claus (simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •23. Structural models of sentence analysis. Distributional model and types of distribution. Ic-model.
- •24. Transformational model of sentence analysis. Types of transformation.
- •26. Communicative structure of the sentence.
- •27. Functions of word order in English and types of inversion.
- •28. Principles of classification of simple sentences.
- •29. Compound sentence. Logico-semantic relations between clauses.
- •30. Complex sentence. Structural and functional classification.
30. Complex sentence. Structural and functional classification.
The classification of complex sentences is usually based on the classification of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are classified either on analogy with classes of words (structural classification) or on analogy with parts of the sentence (functional classification).
Structural classification. Clauses are subdivided into
- noun clauses (substantive clauses),
- adjective clauses,
- adverb clauses, etc.
But as words of the same class may perform different syntactic functions, the functional classification seems preferable. A subordinate clause can occupy any position but that of the predicate (though it may fill in the position of the predicative). There is no complete similarity between parts of the sentence and subordinate clauses. Especially this is the case with adverbial clauses.
There is a correlation between structural and functional classifications.
Accordingly to the type of clausal connection (close or loose, obligatory or optional) complex sentences may be:
The classification of complex sentences may be also based on the type of clausal connection, which may be close or loose, obligatory or optional.
Sentences with obligatory clausal connection:
1) Sentences with Subject and Predicative clauses. The subordinate clause occupies a syntactic position in the predication. It is fused, or merged with the principal clause, which is incomplete semantically and structurally: What you say is true.
2) Sentences with Object clauses. The subordinate clause is obligatory due to the obligetory valency of the predicate verb in the main clause.
3) Sentences in which there are correlative elements in both main and subordinate clauses (hardly... when; as... as; the more... the more): He was so tired, that...
Some attributive and adverbial clauses are loosely connected with the main clause and may be optional.
Composite sentences may include a number of coordinate and subordinate clauses.